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This Synthesis is provided as advice to road maintainers for consideration) Tj T* -0.0125 Tc -0.4614 Tw (when developing their own Salt Management Plan. The Synthesis is not intended to be used prescriptively) Tj T* -0.0077 Tc 1.1763 Tw (but is to be used in concert with the legislation, manuals, directives and procedures of individual road) Tj T* -0.0512 Tc -0.6962 Tw (agencies. Syntheses of Best Practices have been produced on Salt Management Plans, ) Tj -0.1026 Tc -0.5663 Tw (Training, Road and) Tj T* -0.0162 Tc 1.2313 Tw (Bridge Design, Drainage and Stormwater Management, Pavements and Salt Management, Vegetation) Tj T* -0.0168 Tc 0.145 Tw (Management, Design and Operation of Road Maintenance ) Tj -0.0286 Tc 0.1397 Tw (Yards, Snow Storage and Disposal Sites and,) Tj T* -0.0254 Tc -0.6734 Tw (Winter Maintenance Equipment and ) Tj -0.0315 Tc -0.6824 Tw (Technologies. For more detailed information, please refer to ) Tj -0.1458 Tc -0.5831 Tw (TAC\222s Salt) Tj T* -0.0951 Tc -0.6738 Tw (Management Guide \226 1999.) Tj -15.96 -33.6 TD 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg /F1 12 Tf -0.316 Tc 0 Tw (INTRODUCTION) Tj 0 -19.8 TD 0 0 0 rg /F3 9.96 Tf 0.4378 Tc (W) Tj -0.0624 Tc -0.7385 Tw (inter maintenance operating and research personnel) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0548 Tc -0.6875 Tw (in many parts of the world have identified new methods) Tj T* 0.138 Tc 1.396 Tw (and technology that have the potential to improve) Tj T* 0.0823 Tc 1.3488 Tw (snowfighting efficiency and significantly reduce the) Tj T* 0.0024 Tc -0.478 Tw (amount of road salts used to maintain roads and high-) Tj T* -0.0492 Tc 0.9603 Tw (ways in the winte) Tj -0.0354 Tc 0.9466 Tw (r. Equipment is now available that) Tj T* 0.0018 Tc 0.5093 Tw (incorporates these developments to reduce salt use,) Tj T* -0.0021 Tc -0.4182 Tw (control the impact on the environment, improve winter) Tj T* -0.1124 Tc -0.6765 Tw (driving conditions, safety and mobilit) Tj -1.02 Tc 0 Tw (y) Tj -0.0986 Tc -0.7103 Tw (, and reduce over-) Tj T* 0.0161 Tc 0.9351 Tw (all costs.) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0287 Tc -0.7001 Tw (When selecting and deploying equipment, the best de-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0008 Tc -0.4431 Tw (cisions can be made when proper information is avail-) Tj T* -0.0646 Tc -0.731 Tw (able. 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Tj -21 -17.76 TD 0 Tc -0.4206 Tw (Equipment is a significant cost component \(along with) Tj 0 -11.76 TD -0.0912 Tc -0.7234 Tw (labour and materials\) in a winter maintenance program.) Tj 0 -11.64 TD 0.0031 Tc -0.6883 Tw (It is understood that it takes time to adjust the fleet and) Tj 0 -11.76 TD -0.0164 Tc 0.1789 Tw (to incorporate an acquisition strategy into an ongoing) Tj 0 -11.64 TD -0.007 Tc 0.3581 Tw (budget. Furthe) Tj -0.0232 Tc 0.34 Tw (r, it is important for an organization to) Tj 258 368.16 TD -0.0249 Tc 0.736 Tw (continuously identify and assess new and innovative) Tj 0 -11.64 TD -0.0048 Tc 0.8188 Tw (technology that supports best practices. Also, there) Tj 0 -11.76 TD -0.0862 Tc -0.6598 Tw (are seasonality and frequency of use considerations as) Tj 0 -11.64 TD -0.1044 Tc -0.693 Tw (well as multi-functionality aspects in evaluating the eco-) Tj 0 -11.76 TD 0.0063 Tc -0.0752 Tw (nomics of renewing the fleet. Management must bal-) Tj 0 -11.64 TD -0.0386 Tc -0.6636 Tw (ance all of the competing agendas in choosing the pre-) Tj 0 -11.76 TD -0.1859 Tc -0.703 Tw (ferred equipment configuration, and a phase-in/out strat-) Tj T* -0.024 Tc -0.6688 Tw (egy for the fleet, with an understanding of salt use con-) Tj 0 -11.64 TD -0.0438 Tc 0 Tw (siderations.) Tj 0 -20.52 TD 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg /F1 12 Tf 0 Tc (REL) Tj -0.0858 Tc -0.5502 Tw (ATIONSHIP TO SA) Tj -0.089 Tc -0.607 Tw (LT MANAGEMENT) Tj 0 -19.56 TD 0 0 0 rg /F3 9.96 Tf 0.4378 Tc 0 Tw (W) Tj -0.1103 Tc -0.7043 Tw (inter maintenance equipment is primarily used to pre-) Tj 0 -11.76 TD -0.0022 Tc -0.1267 Tw (vent or control accumulations of snow and ice. 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Tj -21 -20.76 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0168 Tc -0.6821 Tw (Each organization will need to assess the winter mate-) Tj 0 -11.64 TD -0.1971 Tc -0.7318 Tw (rials available, to determine appropriate application rates) Tj 0 -11.76 TD 0.0035 Tc -0.5973 Tw (for a given road network and cross-section, and deter-) Tj 0 -11.64 TD -0.041 Tc -0.6879 Tw (mine the most timely moment for application in order to) Tj 0 -11.76 TD -0.0634 Tc -0.6655 Tw (achieve the established level of service.) Tj 0 -18.96 TD -0.0182 Tc -0.6974 Tw (Following a principle of determining what is \223right\224 for ) Tj -0.7378 Tc 0 Tw (a) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0936 Tc -0.6353 Tw (given road authorit) Tj -1.02 Tc 0 Tw (y) Tj -0.0981 Tc -0.6308 Tw (, considering the 4- R\222s will help any) Tj T* -0.0056 Tc -0.5347 Tw (winter maintenance operation optimize the use of salt.) Tj T* -0.0354 Tc -0.7085 Tw (Road safety will be maintained while controlling the im-) Tj T* 0.0016 Tc -0.6585 Tw (pact of salt on the environment.) Tj 0 -22.56 TD 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg /F1 12 Tf -0.054 Tc 0 Tw (SA) Tj -0.0726 Tc -0.5634 Tw (LT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES) Tj 0 -19.8 TD 0 0 0 rg /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0245 Tc 0.0423 Tw (To optimize salt use, it is important to look continually) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0216 Tc -0.3773 Tw (at new and innovative technology as it becomes avail-) Tj T* -0.1427 Tc 0 Tw (able.) Tj 0 -21 TD 0.0022 Tc -0.3539 Tw (Some salt use \223optimization factors\224 to consider when) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.0023 Tc -0.6912 Tw (making equipment choices include:) Tj 0 -21 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.1939 Tc -0.715 Tw (improved information and decision making tools will) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0131 Tc 0.2099 Tw (allow equipment, personnel and salt to be better) Tj T* -0.0134 Tc -0.1634 Tw (utilized and salt applications better timed;) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0014 Tc 0.6268 Tw (efficient mechanical control of snow and ice will) Tj 0 -12 TD 0 Tc 0.2176 Tw (minimize the amount of snow and ice to be con-) Tj T* -0.0042 Tc -0.0047 Tw (trolled by chemicals;) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0048 Tc 0.756 Tw (proper equipment choices will help operators to) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.014 Tc -0.6882 Tw (place the exact amount of salt required at the pre-) Tj T* -0.008 Tc -0.2142 Tw (cise location where it is needed, at the right time;) Tj 237 622.32 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.0036 Tc -0.2011 Tw (chemical applications should occur at a time that) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0008 Tc -0.6831 Tw (prevents bonding of snow or ice to the surface;) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.0036 Tc -0.5224 Tw (keeping good records of snow and ice control ac-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.1313 Tc -0.7026 Tw (tions taken, along with material usage and a record) Tj T* -0.0571 Tc -0.6517 Tw (of changing road conditions, will improve planning) Tj T* -0.0321 Tc -0.3368 Tw (and budgeting and limit an organization\222s liability;) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0017 Tc 0.6678 Tw (the safe and effective use of any equipment re-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.033 Tc -0.6959 Tw (quires operators to be properly trained; this is par-) Tj T* -0.2088 Tc -0.6401 Tw (ticularly important when introducing new equipment) Tj T* -0.0335 Tc -0.6954 Tw (and techniques.) Tj -21 -18.72 TD 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg /F1 11.04 Tf 0.054 Tc 1.3489 Tw (Information & Decision-Making ) Tj -0.1009 Tc 0 Tw (Tools) Tj 0 -19.44 TD 0 0 0 rg /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0171 Tc -0.3518 Tw (To make the best use of available equipment and per-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0578 Tc -0.7511 Tw (sonnel and meet the 4 R\222s of Salt Management, experi-) Tj T* 0.0047 Tc 0.0104 Tw (enced decision-makers in winter maintenance opera-) Tj T* -0.0037 Tc -0.7052 Tw (tions need information to support their judgment.) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.1908 Tc -0.7181 Tw (The critical information required can be divided into three) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0649 Tc 0 Tw (categories:) Tj 0 -21 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.1227 Tc -0.7061 Tw (forecast information \(what will happen\), for predict-) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.0031 Tc -0.592 Tw (ing upcoming storms and potential icing events;) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0419 Tc -0.7109 Tw (current information \(what is happening\), providing) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0295 Tc -0.7234 Tw (road surface temperatures and conditions; and) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0.9756 Tw (status information \(what did happen\), recording) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0655 Tc -0.6634 Tw (what was done and the Level of Service achieved.) Tj -21 -18 TD -0.01 Tc -0.2509 Tw (A number of tools are available to help provide the re-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0489 Tc -0.68 Tw (quired information. Typical examples follo) Tj -0.72 Tc 0 Tw (w.) Tj 0 -21 TD /F5 9.96 Tf -0.0919 Tc -0.727 Tw (Road Weather Information Systems \(RWIS\)) Tj 0 -20.76 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.024 Tc -0.7049 Tw (Sensor-based R) Tj 0.5578 Tc 0 Tw (W) Tj -0.0417 Tc -0.6722 Tw (IS has been in use for over 25 years) Tj 0 -11.76 TD -0.0201 Tc 0.2112 Tw (by road and airport authorities around the world. Be-) Tj 0 -11.64 TD -0.0115 Tc 0.6026 Tw (yond giving road information and trends, R) Tj 0.5578 Tc 0 Tw (W) Tj -0.0186 Tc 0.6097 Tw (IS sites) Tj 0 -11.76 TD -0.004 Tc -0.0849 Tw (and networks provide information required to develop) Tj 0 -11.64 TD -0.0149 Tc -0.714 Tw (specific forecasts as well as some service documenta-) Tj 0 -11.76 TD -0.0209 Tc 0 Tw (tion.) Tj 0 -18.96 TD 0 Tc -0.4208 Tw (RWIS supports winter road operations in the following) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.0684 Tc 0 Tw (ways:) Tj 0 -21 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.0051 Tc -0.542 Tw (An understanding of pavement temperature fore-) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.0019 Tc -0.5957 Tw (casts and trends can improve the accuracy of de-) Tj T* -0.0546 Tc 0 Tw (cision-making.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0449 Tc -0.6669 Tw (Sensors embedded flush in the pavement, as well) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.0036 Tc 0.9818 Tw (as sub-surface, generate data that can be sent) Tj T* -0.0154 Tc -0.7134 Tw (back to central locations allowing trends and fore-) Tj T* -0.0081 Tc -0.6408 Tw (casts to be developed.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.2204 Tc -0.7245 Tw (Pavement sensors can monitor pavement tempera-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0363 Tc -0.6776 Tw (ture, wet/dry status, freeze point of the solution on) Tj T* -0.0179 Tc -0.711 Tw (the road, presence of chemical and concentration) Tj ET endstream endobj 20 0 obj 18628 endobj 18 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 5 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F1 10 0 R /F3 14 0 R /F4 16 0 R /F5 21 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 19 0 R >> endobj 24 0 obj << /Length 25 0 R >> stream BT 60 748.08 TD 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg /F0 9.96 Tf -0.1556 Tc -0.6933 Tw (9.0 WINTER MAINTENANCE) Tj 359.28 0 TD -0.0624 Tc -0.6665 Tw (Syntheses of Best Practices) Tj -359.28 -12 TD -0.2283 Tc -0.6805 Tw (EQUIPMENT AND TECHNOLOGY) Tj 377.28 0 TD 0.0199 Tc 0.8712 Tw (Road Salt Management) Tj ET 0 0 0 rg 60 725.16 492 0.96 re f 60 59.16 492 0.96 re f BT 60 46.08 TD 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg -0.0049 Tc 0.2361 Tw (September 2003) Tj ET q 57.6 0 0 -2.28 494.4 54.12 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 19 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -2.88 494.4 51.96 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ????|<<|~~ ? ??? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -2.88 494.4 49.2 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID x|>?????~??????????? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -1.2 494.4 46.44 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 10 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ?`p EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -2.88 494.4 45.36 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID >???<?<???? ? ???? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -2.88 494.4 42.6 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ???????? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -1.56 494.4 39.84 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 13 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ?? EI Q BT 304.68 46.08 TD -0.0178 Tc 0 Tw (3) Tj -223.68 654 TD 0 0 0 rg /F3 9.96 Tf 0.0314 Tc -0.5889 Tw (\(for some chemicals\), as well as subsurface tem-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.2022 Tc 0 Tw (perature.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.1938 Tc -0.6551 Tw (Tower-based sensors can also provide real-time in-) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.0073 Tc 0.1518 Tw (formation of typical atmospheric conditions such) Tj T* -0.0085 Tc 0.8796 Tw (as precipitation, relative humidit) Tj -1.02 Tc 0 Tw (y) Tj -0.0326 Tc 0.9437 Tw (, dew point, air) Tj T* -0.0353 Tc -0.6696 Tw (temperature, and wind speed and direction.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0582 Tc -0.7187 Tw (Weather forecasting services can use road-based) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0067 Tc -0.7022 Tw (information to provide \223road weather\224 forecasts to) Tj T* -0.0846 Tc -0.7129 Tw (help the road maintainer make better decisions re-) Tj T* -0.0106 Tc -0.6283 Tw (garding snow and ice control.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0131 Tc 0.4499 Tw (Salt use optimization is achieved by more accu-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0093 Tc 0.1205 Tw (rate deployment of equipment and application of) Tj T* 0.0359 Tc 0 Tw (chemicals.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0781 Tc -0.6807 Tw (Other types of sensors and systems can be added) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0059 Tc -0.483 Tw (to R) Tj 0.5578 Tc 0 Tw (W) Tj 0.0049 Tc -0.4338 Tw (IS to further support road maintainers \(e.g.) Tj T* -0.1705 Tc -0.6784 Tw (road-imbedded device to measure road friction and) Tj T* -0.0153 Tc 0.9664 Tw (snow cove) Tj -0.026 Tc 0.9771 Tw (r, automated liquid deicer application) Tj T* 0.3248 Tc 1.4063 Tw (system -Fixed Automated Spray ) Tj 0.2277 Tc 0 Tw (Technology) Tj T* -0.0227 Tc -0.4662 Tw (\(FAST\), - etc.\).) Tj -21 -18 TD /F5 9.96 Tf -0.1766 Tc -0.6123 Tw (Infrared Thermometers \(IRT\222s\)) Tj 0 -21 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.1672 Tc -0.6617 Tw (Decisions about material application are improved when) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0714 Tc -0.6775 Tw (information about the current road surface temperature) Tj T* -0.0037 Tc -0.4252 Tw (is available and the temperature trend is known. Infra-) Tj T* -0.1501 Tc -0.6838 Tw (red thermometers are portable devices that can be used) Tj T* -0.2184 Tc -0.6819 Tw (to determine the current road surface temperatures while) Tj T* -0.0164 Tc -0.6824 Tw (mobile along the road network.) Tj 0 -21 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.007 Tc 0.4881 Tw (Both hand-held and truck-mounted versions are) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.2505 Tc -0.6983 Tw (available; with the mounted versions measuring am-) Tj T* -0.0058 Tc -0.6031 Tw (bient air temperature as well.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.1443 Tc -0.6745 Tw (Truck-mounted versions allow continuous monitor-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0107 Tc -0.6916 Tw (ing of the road surface while the vehicle is moving) Tj T* -0.069 Tc -0.5999 Tw (down the road.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0023 Tc -0.6966 Tw (The data can be recorded and transmitted as part) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0027 Tc -0.7662 Tw (of the data stream of a GPS/) Tj -0.0715 Tc -0.6574 Tw (AVL system \(see Op-) Tj T* -0.0042 Tc 1.3754 Tw (erational Support Equipment later in this docu-) Tj T* -0.1044 Tc 0 Tw (ment\).) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.12 Tc (IR) Tj -1.0456 Tc (T) Tj -0.0545 Tc -0.7494 Tw (s need to be checked and calibrated to confirm) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0118 Tc -0.4021 Tw (their accuracy and to be confident in the reading.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F5 9.96 Tf -0.0736 Tc -0.7353 Tw (Road Surface Traction Measurement) Tj 0 -21 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.109 Tc -0.7159 Tw (Freezing precipitation degrades surface friction produc-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0692 Tc -0.6747 Tw (ing dangerously slippery roads. Road salts and, some-) Tj T* 0.0023 Tc -0.3262 Tw (times, abrasives like sand, are applied to combat slip-) Tj T* -0.0092 Tc 1.1603 Tw (pery conditions and improve traction, increasing the) Tj T* 0.0023 Tc -0.6112 Tw (coefficient of friction. Decision about material applica-) Tj T* -0.1194 Tc -0.6695 Tw (tion can be improved by having better information about) Tj T* -0.011 Tc -0.7179 Tw (the current friction level of the road surface.) Tj 258 621 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.1302 Tc -0.6844 Tw (The presence of precipitation or applied winter ma-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0054 Tc 0.4165 Tw (terials such as sand and salt can provide incon-) Tj T* -0.0347 Tc -0.7542 Tw (sistent friction across the cross section of the road) Tj T* -0.1235 Tc 0 Tw (surface.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.0008 Tc 0.2703 Tw (Numerous road authorities around the world are) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0132 Tc -0.4757 Tw (working with suppliers to develop reliable and ac-) Tj T* 0.0024 Tc 0.3287 Tw (curate equipment to measure the available trac-) Tj T* 0.0025 Tc -0.4914 Tw (tion on roads.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.147 Tc -0.6676 Tw (There are devices available to measure the degree) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.013 Tc -0.7559 Tw (of friction on the road surface. These have the po-) Tj T* -0.0087 Tc -0.5852 Tw (tential to eliminate the unnecessary use of salt on) Tj T* -0.0208 Tc -0.6681 Tw (roads with adequate traction.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0119 Tc 0.623 Tw (Friction sensors have been used extensively on) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0181 Tc -0.5308 Tw (airport runways, but their high cost is currently re-) Tj T* -0.0193 Tc -0.7095 Tw (stricting widespread use on roads. Alternative de-) Tj T* -0.0667 Tc -0.7222 Tw (signs promise lower cost. The Insurance Corpora-) Tj T* -0.1232 Tc -0.6742 Tw (tion of British Columbia has promoted the develop-) Tj T* 0.0101 Tc -0.3276 Tw (ment of an automated in-road friction sensor that) Tj T* -0.002 Tc -0.6755 Tw (can also record the depth of snow cove) Tj -0.5828 Tc 0 Tw (r.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.0185 Tc 0.8127 Tw (In some cases friction sensors are mounted on) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0922 Tc -0.7224 Tw (the spreader vehicles and used in conjunction with) Tj T* 0.0166 Tc -0.6255 Tw (on-board mounted pavement temperature meas-) Tj T* -0.147 Tc -0.6819 Tw (urement equipment to automatically control the ap-) Tj T* 0.0028 Tc -0.3374 Tw (plication rate of snow and ice control chemicals.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0252 Tc (Alternativel) Tj -1.02 Tc (y) Tj -0.0057 Tc 0.7511 Tw (, the device could be mounted on ) Tj 0.7022 Tc 0 Tw (a) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0286 Tc -0.6803 Tw (\223smart patrol truck\224 with other winter maintenance) Tj T* 0.0526 Tc 0 Tw (tools.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.103 Tc (Technicall) Tj -1.02 Tc (y) Tj 0.0008 Tc 0.5903 Tw (, the equipment can be accurate and) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0554 Tc -0.6563 Tw (dependable, and has the potential to eliminate the) Tj T* -0.01 Tc 0.3611 Tw (unnecessary use of salt on roads with adequate) Tj T* -0.0164 Tc 0 Tw (traction.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F5 9.96 Tf -0.0977 Tc -0.6312 Tw (Residual Chemical Measurement) Tj 0 -21 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.003 Tc 0.1201 Tw (After a storm event has passed and the road has be-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0208 Tc -0.6681 Tw (come bare and dr) Tj -1.02 Tc 0 Tw (y) Tj -0.0144 Tc -0.7317 Tw (, there often is a residue of chemical) Tj T* -0.1036 Tc -0.6653 Tw (on the road surface. This chemical will be activated with) Tj T* -0.013 Tc -0.0816 Tw (the next precipitation event. As well the concentration) Tj T* -0.0408 Tc -0.7014 Tw (of salt contained in roadway slush is the determinant of) Tj T* -0.0918 Tc -0.709 Tw (the freeze point temperature of the slush. It is helpful for) Tj T* 0.0071 Tc 0.2641 Tw (decision-makers to know the residual salt concentra-) Tj T* -0.0216 Tc -0.6833 Tw (tion on the road. An R) Tj 0.5578 Tc 0 Tw (W) Tj -0.0272 Tc -0.6537 Tw (IS road sensor will provide this) Tj T* -0.0133 Tc -0.6556 Tw (information. Portable salinity sensors are available, al-) Tj T* 0.0023 Tc -0.5254 Tw (though their high cost makes widespread use unlikel) Tj -0.9944 Tc 0 Tw (y.) Tj T* -0.0067 Tc 0.4928 Tw (Another tool on the horizon is a \223chemical presence\224) Tj T* 0.0036 Tc -0.5439 Tw (sensor that can measure the chloride concentration of) Tj T* -0.03 Tc -0.4388 Tw (road spray in a vehicle\222s wheel well.) Tj ET endstream endobj 25 0 obj 18207 endobj 23 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 5 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F3 14 0 R /F4 16 0 R /F5 21 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 24 0 R >> endobj 27 0 obj << /Length 28 0 R >> stream BT 60 748.08 TD 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg /F0 9.96 Tf -0.0624 Tc -0.6665 Tw (Syntheses of Best Practices) Tj 361.44 0 TD -0.1556 Tc -0.6933 Tw (9.0 WINTER MAINTENANCE) Tj -361.44 -12 TD 0.0199 Tc 0.8712 Tw (Road Salt Management) Tj 339 0 TD -0.2283 Tc -0.6805 Tw (EQUIPMENT AND TECHNOLOGY) Tj ET 0 0 0 rg 60 59.16 492 0.96 re f BT 475.44 46.08 TD 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg -0.0049 Tc 0.2361 Tw (September 2003) Tj ET q 57.6 0 0 -2.28 60 54.12 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 19 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -2.88 60 51.96 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ????|<<|~~ ? ??? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -2.88 60 49.2 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID x|>?????~??????????? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -1.2 60 46.44 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 10 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ?`p EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -2.88 60 45.36 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID >???<?<???? ? ???? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -2.88 60 42.6 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ???????? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -1.56 60 39.84 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 13 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ?? EI Q BT 305.64 46.08 TD -0.0178 Tc 0 Tw (4) Tj ET 0 0 0 rg 60 725.16 492 0.96 re f BT 60 699.36 TD 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg /F1 11.04 Tf -0.0052 Tc 1.071 Tw (Using Mechanical Means to Control Snow and Ice) Tj 0 -19.44 TD 0 0 0 rg /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0053 Tc -0.2586 Tw (Mechanical removal of ice and snow is usually prefer-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0255 Tc -0.4634 Tw (able and this can be facilitated by preventively treating) Tj T* -0.013 Tc -0.5659 Tw (roadways with road salts. Such pre- or early-storm ap-) Tj T* -0.0759 Tc -0.6679 Tw (plications will often minimize the overall amount of road) Tj T* -0.2336 Tc -0.6903 Tw (salts required to achieve the desired surface friction level.) Tj T* -0.0227 Tc 0.7205 Tw (Reacting to a snow and ice event and applying road) Tj T* -0.0374 Tc -0.7048 Tw (salts after a bond has formed requires additional salt to) Tj T* -0.0136 Tc -0.7003 Tw (be used; proactively treating the road surface just prior) Tj T* 0.0093 Tc 0.5458 Tw (to the event, or just as it commences, can prevent ) Tj 0.5822 Tc 0 Tw (a) Tj T* -0.1203 Tc -0.6943 Tw (bond, simplify the mechanical removal and expedite the) Tj T* -0.1355 Tc -0.7134 Tw (achievement of bare pavement.) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0151 Tc -0.6838 Tw (Some road authorities choose to leave a small amount) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0061 Tc 0.4663 Tw (of snow on the road before salt is applied in order to) Tj T* -0.039 Tc -0.6899 Tw (keep the salt from bouncing or being blown off the road) Tj T* 0.0066 Tc 0.2645 Tw (surface by passing traffic or wind. This can increase) Tj T* -0.0135 Tc -0.7034 Tw (the amount of salt required to \223de-ice\224 or melt the snow) Tj T* -0.0067 Tc 0.9578 Tw (packed on the road, and is not nearly as efficient in) Tj T* -0.0592 Tc -0.7097 Tw (retaining salt on the road as other methods \(e.g. slower) Tj T* -0.0268 Tc -0.6721 Tw (spreading speeds, pre-wetting, \223zero-velocity\224 spread-) Tj T* -0.0031 Tc 0.1142 Tw (ing, etc.\)) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0011 Tc -0.0828 Tw (Accumulated snow and ice or slush can be controlled) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0149 Tc -0.5426 Tw (mechanically by removing it from the roadway through) Tj T* 0.0125 Tc -0.288 Tw (the use of plows mounted on trucks, motor graders or) Tj T* -0 Tc 0.0578 Tw (loaders. Snow blowers are also used in some areas.) Tj T* -0.1226 Tc -0.6749 Tw (Repeated plowing operations in areas with limited road-) Tj T* -0.015 Tc 0.1741 Tw (side snow storage will require the snow and ice to be) Tj T* -0.1651 Tc -0.7138 Tw (removed and disposed of. The following discussion pro-) Tj T* 0.0017 Tc -0.0706 Tw (vides a general overview of this equipment and some) Tj T* -0.0787 Tc -0.6982 Tw (advantages and disadvantages of their use.) Tj 0 -21 TD /F5 9.96 Tf -0.0064 Tc -0.7225 Tw (Snow Plowing) Tj T* /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0444 Tc -0.6845 Tw (A wide range of plowing options are available including) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0234 Tc 0.3145 Tw (the type of vehicle used to carry the plo) Tj -0.7111 Tc 0 Tw (w) Tj -0.0424 Tc 0.3536 Tw (, the type of) Tj T* -0.099 Tc -0.6832 Tw (plow and mouldboard and even the type of cutting edge) Tj T* -0.0582 Tc -0.6707 Tw (or blade.) Tj 0 -21 TD /F5 9.96 Tf -0.1512 Tc 0 Tw (VEHICLES) Tj T* /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0172 Tc -0.5917 Tw (The vehicle type and size must be selected properly to) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0312 Tc -0.6736 Tw (be able to operate in the required area, carry and oper-) Tj T* -0.0008 Tc 1.087 Tw (ate the mounted equipment and provide a safe and) Tj T* -0.1438 Tc -0.6751 Tw (comfortable environment for the operato) Tj -0.2414 Tc -0.5674 Tw (r. Vehicles may) Tj T* -0.0869 Tc -0.722 Tw (also be multi-purpose, and be used for other duties dur-) Tj T* 0.0088 Tc 0.068 Tw (ing non-storm event times and during the off-season,) Tj T* 0.0282 Tc -0.8771 Tw (summer months.) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0122 Tc 0.2583 Tw (Considerations for typical units in use include the fol-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.1594 Tc 0 Tw (lowing:) Tj 258 599.16 TD /F0 9.96 Tf -0.5231 Tc (Trucks) Tj 0 -12 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.1515 Tc -0.7174 Tw (Trucks come in various capacities and dimensions,) Tj 0 -12 TD -0 Tc -0.4436 Tw (and are commonly referred to as single axle, tan-) Tj T* 0.0114 Tc -0.2903 Tw (dem axle or tri-axle units.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.213 Tc (Smalle) Tj -0.225 Tc -0.6839 Tw (r, more maneuverable vehicles may be more) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0089 Tc -0.192 Tw (suited to urban operations, whereas large) Tj -0.0357 Tc -0.0931 Tw (r, more) Tj T* -0.0199 Tc -0.7433 Tw (powerful trucks may be preferred on rural roads.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0 Tc -0.3174 Tw (Underbody plows can also be mounted on trucks) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0119 Tc -0.645 Tw (and be used with down pressure.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.0062 Tc -0.3751 Tw (Trucks with front mounted plows and wings often) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0162 Tc 0.5623 Tw (provide the best solution as they can operate at) Tj T* -0.0584 Tc -0.7905 Tw (higher speeds.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.0102 Tc -0.6857 Tw (Trucks can be configured with a hopper or tank to) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0084 Tc -0.6862 Tw (serve the dual-duty role of spreading materials as) Tj T* -0.0344 Tc -0.4544 Tw (well as plowing.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.115 Tc -0.6939 Tw (Where appropriate, the higher operating speeds of) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.0008 Tc -0.4897 Tw (trucks allow roads to be cleared soone) Tj -0.5828 Tc 0 Tw (r.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.0139 Tc -0.7128 Tw (Trucks operating closer to the speed of other traf-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.004 Tc -0.2849 Tw (fic present less of a safety hazard.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.0075 Tc -0.5964 Tw (Trucks operating at higher speeds can effectively) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.0136 Tc 0.2861 Tw (\223throw\224 snow a sufficient distance back from the) Tj T* -0.0031 Tc -0.6208 Tw (edge of the shoulder to minimize snow bank build) Tj T* -0.1348 Tc 0 Tw (up.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.012 Tc -0.2969 Tw (Higher operating speeds may be inappropriate in) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0216 Tc -0.673 Tw (urban areas where snow thrown beyond the edge) Tj T* -0.0795 Tc -0.6974 Tw (of pavement could damage roadside features.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0143 Tc -0.6996 Tw (Careful attention must be paid to the truck specifi-) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.0049 Tc 0.4833 Tw (cation to configure it as a frame-stiffened winter) Tj T* -0.1216 Tc -0.6873 Tw (truck of suitable horsepower and hydraulics, rather) Tj T* -0.0515 Tc -0.6946 Tw (than simply a generic cab-and-chassis off the pro-) Tj T* -0.0181 Tc -0.3507 Tw (duction line.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0334 Tc 0.2645 Tw (To ensure adequate traction and load baring ca-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0071 Tc 0 Tw (pacit) Tj -1.02 Tc (y) Tj 0.0076 Tc 0.0735 Tw (, both front and rear tires must be selected) Tj T* -0.0254 Tc -0.7235 Tw (carefully to ensure suitable tread pattern, material) Tj T* -0.0051 Tc -0.6937 Tw (and sufficient load rating to handle both the mate-) Tj T* -0.0154 Tc -0.5135 Tw (rial load and plows.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0146 Tc -0.6993 Tw (Front axle capacity is a consideration, and the ve-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.227 Tc -0.6905 Tw (hicle should meet legal weight requirements as nec-) Tj T* 0.0736 Tc 0 Tw (essar) Tj -0.8744 Tc (y.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.0109 Tc 0.8442 Tw (Trucks require locking differentials or electronic) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0049 Tc 0.776 Tw (traction control to prevent traction loss due to ) Tj 0.8222 Tc 0 Tw (a) Tj T* -0.0768 Tc -0.7721 Tw (spinning wheel.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F0 9.96 Tf -0.018 Tc -0.8309 Tw (Motor Graders) Tj 0 -12 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0084 Tc 0.4495 Tw (Graders are often fitted with plows and wings to) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.1802 Tc -0.6686 Tw (remove sno) Tj -0.96 Tc 0 Tw (w.) Tj ET endstream endobj 28 0 obj 17808 endobj 26 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 5 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F1 10 0 R /F3 14 0 R /F4 16 0 R /F5 21 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 27 0 R >> endobj 30 0 obj << /Length 31 0 R >> stream BT 60 748.08 TD 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg /F0 9.96 Tf -0.1556 Tc -0.6933 Tw (9.0 WINTER MAINTENANCE) Tj 359.28 0 TD -0.0624 Tc -0.6665 Tw (Syntheses of Best Practices) Tj -359.28 -12 TD -0.2283 Tc -0.6805 Tw (EQUIPMENT AND TECHNOLOGY) Tj 377.28 0 TD 0.0199 Tc 0.8712 Tw (Road Salt Management) Tj ET 0 0 0 rg 60 725.16 492 0.96 re f 60 59.16 492 0.96 re f BT 60 46.08 TD 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg -0.0049 Tc 0.2361 Tw (September 2003) Tj ET q 57.6 0 0 -2.28 494.4 54.12 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 19 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -2.88 494.4 51.96 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ????|<<|~~ ? ??? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -2.88 494.4 49.2 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID x|>?????~??????????? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -1.2 494.4 46.44 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 10 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ?`p EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -2.88 494.4 45.36 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID >???<?<???? ? ???? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -2.88 494.4 42.6 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ???????? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -1.56 494.4 39.84 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 13 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ?? EI Q BT 304.68 46.08 TD -0.0178 Tc 0 Tw (5) Tj -244.68 654 TD 0 0 0 rg /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0154 Tc -0.1285 Tw (They can be fitted with front plows, including one) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.2692 Tc -0.6997 Tw (way and reversible plows, \223V\224 plows, and side wings,) Tj T* -0.0304 Tc -0.6385 Tw (with or without driveway gates.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.1297 Tc 1.3614 Tw (Graders can also be mounted with a tooth or) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0951 Tc -0.6852 Tw (stacked-disc ice blade to scarify hard ice-pack and) Tj T* -0.1187 Tc -0.6902 Tw (provide improved, temporary friction.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.2109 Tc -0.6529 Tw (Modern graders, with large glass areas on the sides) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0024 Tc -0.0065 Tw (and front, and a high-mounted operator position,) Tj T* -0.2205 Tc -0.7034 Tw (provide the operator with excellent vision of the area) Tj T* -0.1198 Tc -0.6691 Tw (around the grade) Tj -0.7028 Tc 0 Tw (r.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0011 Tc -0.6421 Tw (Graders are useful when working in tight quarters) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.0098 Tc 1.3613 Tw (on urban streets with cul-de-sacs, elbows, bus) Tj T* -0.0309 Tc -0.5479 Tw (bays, and varying road widths.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0047 Tc 0.0129 Tw (They promote a safer operation when working in) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0327 Tc -0.6962 Tw (the presence of pedestrians and heavy traffic.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0421 Tc -0.6696 Tw (Often this equipment is readily available for winter) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0332 Tc -0.6656 Tw (road maintenance as they are widely used by mu-) Tj T* -0.0119 Tc -0.677 Tw (nicipalities and contractors during the summer for) Tj T* -0.0033 Tc -0.3656 Tw (road construction and maintenance, and are little) Tj T* -0.0393 Tc -0.6595 Tw (used otherwise during the winte) Tj -0.5828 Tc 0 Tw (r.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0045 Tc 0.0106 Tw (The heavy construction of the grader results in a) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0743 Tc -0.7146 Tw (durable machine for snowplow operations.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.2441 Tc -0.6905 Tw (Modern graders can operate at much higher speeds) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0225 Tc -0.5331 Tw (than older models but are limited to thirty to thirty-) Tj T* 0.0033 Tc -0.3122 Tw (five kilometres per hour and thus are slower than) Tj T* 0.0198 Tc -0.6886 Tw (truck mounted plows.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.2875 Tc -0.6814 Tw (Graders are effective during fall freeze-up and spring) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0095 Tc -0.0444 Tw (thaw when roads are soft and susceptible to dig-) Tj T* -0.0103 Tc -0.7186 Tw (ging-in by truck-mounted plows.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F0 9.96 Tf -0.0835 Tc 0 Tw (Loaders) Tj 0 -12 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0215 Tc -0.0473 Tw (Loaders are occasionally fitted with plows, wings) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0782 Tc -0.6506 Tw (and snow blowers for snow removal.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.1294 Tc -0.6894 Tw (Modern loaders with large glass areas on the sides) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0035 Tc 0.0803 Tw (and front, and a high mounted operator position,) Tj T* -0.2205 Tc -0.7034 Tw (provide the operator with excellent vision of the area) Tj T* -0.0923 Tc -0.6966 Tw (around the loade) Tj -0.7028 Tc 0 Tw (r.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0041 Tc -0.6219 Tw (Loaders are useful when working in tight quarters) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.0098 Tc 1.3613 Tw (on urban streets with cul-de-sacs, elbows, bus) Tj T* -0.0295 Tc -0.3394 Tw (bays, and varying road widths \(particularly articu-) Tj T* -0.0498 Tc -0.799 Tw (lated loaders\).) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.1476 Tc -0.6893 Tw (They can also be used to pick up and remove snow) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.004 Tc -0.622 Tw (on cul-de-sacs, bridges and other tight areas with) Tj T* -0.0025 Tc -0.6064 Tw (limited snow storage.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0807 Tc -0.6311 Tw (Loaders are readily available for winter road main-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0315 Tc -0.526 Tw (tenance as they are widely used by municipalities) Tj T* 0.0148 Tc -0.2122 Tw (and contractors during the summer for road con-) Tj 258 618 TD -0.0008 Tc 0.7919 Tw (struction and maintenance and are used exten-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0045 Tc 0.0256 Tw (sively to load sand and salt onto spreader trucks) Tj T* -0.0042 Tc -0.3646 Tw (at the maintenance yards.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F5 9.96 Tf -0.1287 Tc 0 Tw (PLOWS) Tj 0 -21 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0075 Tc 0.7586 Tw (The type of plow and cutting edge must be selected) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0373 Tc -0.6556 Tw (properly to be able to be mounted properly on the vehi-) Tj T* -0.0115 Tc 0.7226 Tw (cle, to operate in the required area, and achieve the) Tj T* -0.0509 Tc -0.708 Tw (desired performance in snow clearing.) Tj 0 -21 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0089 Tc -0.4971 Tw (The selection of the appropriate type of plo) Tj -0.7111 Tc 0 Tw (w) Tj -0.0155 Tc -0.4733 Tw (, and) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0022 Tc 0.8504 Tw (proper adjustment of the plow will reduce costs) Tj T* -0.0079 Tc -0.265 Tw (and lessen the need to use salt to clear the road-) Tj T* -0.0044 Tc 0 Tw (wa) Tj -0.8744 Tc (y.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.1006 Tc -0.6626 Tw (Plows should be operated with sufficient weight on) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0062 Tc 0.1173 Tw (the blade to effectively cut through packed snow) Tj T* -0.0036 Tc -0.2152 Tw (and ice, resulting in a near-bare surface, in order) Tj T* -0.0117 Tc 0.8428 Tw (to minimize the amount of salt required to fully-) Tj T* -0.1198 Tc -0.609 Tw (bare the pavement.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0072 Tc 0.1869 Tw (Plows for high speed operations should be fitted) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0082 Tc -0.4506 Tw (with shoes to prevent the plow from dropping into) Tj T* 0.0037 Tc -0.3426 Tw (holes or catching on obstructions.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.02 Tc -0.6746 Tw (Plows should be adjusted to minimize the amount) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.084 Tc 1.3771 Tw (of weight carried on the shoes, but the shoes) Tj T* -0.1033 Tc -0.7156 Tw (should be close enough to the pavement to absorb) Tj T* -0.0124 Tc 0.6995 Tw (the weight of the plow if the plow strikes an ob-) Tj T* 0.0138 Tc -0.2426 Tw (struction. Castors are sometimes substituted for) Tj T* -0.0016 Tc -0.4073 Tw (shoes to minimize wea) Tj -0.5828 Tc 0 Tw (r.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0067 Tc -0.225 Tw (Plows should be fitted with a tripping mechanism) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0073 Tc 0.5051 Tw (that will reduce damage to the plow if it impacts) Tj T* 0.0017 Tc 0.3494 Tw (catch basin or manhole covers, curbing or other) Tj T* 0.0055 Tc 0.7228 Tw (obstructions. The trip mechanism will also pre-) Tj T* -0.002 Tc -0.1954 Tw (vent the truck from being violently deflected from) Tj T* 0.009 Tc -0.4378 Tw (its traffic lane.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.1983 Tc -0.6639 Tw (Plows with an angle of about 55\260 between the blade) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0552 Tc -0.687 Tw (and the road are the most efficient at moving large) Tj T* -0.0023 Tc -0.3666 Tw (quantities of snow and cause the least amount of) Tj T* -0.0125 Tc -0.4523 Tw (snow to be blown up at the front of the vehicle.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0355 Tc 1 Tw (Tests also show that an angle of about 75\260 be-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0202 Tc 0.5813 Tw (tween the plow blade and the road provides the) Tj T* -0.0193 Tc -0.6753 Tw (most effective cutting of heavily packed snow and) Tj T* 0.0856 Tc 0 Tw (ice.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.002 Tc -0.1569 Tw (One jurisdiction has used a 40\260 angle to improve) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.0036 Tc -0.6125 Tw (snow pickup.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.0376 Tc 1.3801 Tw (A rubber extension flap fitted to the top of the) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.0018 Tc -0.525 Tw (mouldboard of a front mounted plow and extends) Tj T* -0.0309 Tc -0.6637 Tw (well past the cutting edge, can effectively improve) Tj T* -0.2296 Tc -0.6943 Tw (the operators\222 visibility by trapping some of the snow) Tj T* -0.0084 Tc -0.0805 Tw (cloud kicked up by the cutting edge.) Tj ET endstream endobj 31 0 obj 18328 endobj 29 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 5 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F3 14 0 R /F4 16 0 R /F5 21 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 30 0 R >> endobj 33 0 obj << /Length 34 0 R >> stream BT 60 748.08 TD 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg /F0 9.96 Tf -0.0624 Tc -0.6665 Tw (Syntheses of Best Practices) Tj 361.44 0 TD -0.1556 Tc -0.6933 Tw (9.0 WINTER MAINTENANCE) Tj -361.44 -12 TD 0.0199 Tc 0.8712 Tw (Road Salt Management) Tj 339 0 TD -0.2283 Tc -0.6805 Tw (EQUIPMENT AND TECHNOLOGY) Tj ET 0 0 0 rg 60 59.16 492 0.96 re f BT 475.44 46.08 TD 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg -0.0049 Tc 0.2361 Tw (September 2003) Tj ET q 57.6 0 0 -2.28 60 54.12 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 19 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -2.88 60 51.96 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ????|<<|~~ ? ??? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -2.88 60 49.2 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID x|>?????~??????????? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -1.2 60 46.44 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 10 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ?`p EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -2.88 60 45.36 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID >???<?<???? ? ???? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -2.88 60 42.6 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ???????? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -1.56 60 39.84 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 13 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ?? EI Q BT 305.64 46.08 TD -0.0178 Tc 0 Tw (6) Tj ET 0 0 0 rg 60 725.16 492 0.96 re f BT 60 700.08 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0958 Tc -0.6811 Tw (Extensive aerodynamic testing is being conducted) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0154 Tc -0.1285 Tw (to develop airfoils that would trap the snow cloud) Tj T* -0.0021 Tc -0.6267 Tw (created at the front of the snowplo) Tj -0.72 Tc 0 Tw (w.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0378 Tc -0.3267 Tw (Front Mounted One-Way Plows) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.0425 Tc -0.0714 Tw (That Move the Snow to the Right) Tj T* /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.1705 Tc -0.747 Tw (The front mounted one-way plow provides the most) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.2119 Tc -0.6849 Tw (efficient blade available for plowing sno) Tj -0.9511 Tc 0 Tw (w) Tj -0.1574 Tc -0.7515 Tw (. There are) Tj T* -0.0118 Tc -0.4371 Tw (new designs available that improve driving safety) Tj T* -0.007 Tc 0.5639 Tw (by minimizing the amount of snow that escapes) Tj T* -0.0052 Tc -0.1837 Tw (into the snow cloud at the point of impact.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.0054 Tc 0.1257 Tw (These plows commonly are used for high-speed) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0017 Tc -0.6672 Tw (removal of sno) Tj -0.7111 Tc 0 Tw (w) Tj -0.0042 Tc -0.7247 Tw (, slush and packed sno) Tj -0.72 Tc 0 Tw (w.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0055 Tc -0.7234 Tw (They can be used to clear from minor amounts up) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.005 Tc 0.5511 Tw (to approximately 50 cm depths of snow at high-) Tj T* -0.0269 Tc -0.222 Tw (way speeds;) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.2045 Tc -0.6615 Tw (Steel one-way plows can be large and heav) Tj -1.26 Tc 0 Tw (y) Tj -0.1692 Tc -0.7997 Tw (, there-) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.0048 Tc 0.293 Tw (fore the truck must be fitted with a high capacity) Tj T* -0.0219 Tc -0.4156 Tw (front axle, and heavy duty wheels and tires.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.251 Tc -0.6779 Tw (The size of the vehicle may be a disadvantage when) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0076 Tc -0.6184 Tw (clearing snow in congested urban areas and sub-) Tj T* 0 Tc -0.369 Tw (divisions with cul-de-sacs, etc.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.006 Tc 0.8571 Tw (Piston-like cushions are available to reduce the) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0079 Tc 0.1876 Tw (pounding/bouncing of the blade on the road sur-) Tj T* 0.0055 Tc -0.1344 Tw (face, which reduces the impact on both the truck) Tj T* -0.1428 Tc -0.7061 Tw (and operato) Tj -0.7028 Tc 0 Tw (r.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0082 Tc 0.2394 Tw (These plows should be fitted with nose points to) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0048 Tc -0.0041 Tw (prevent the plow from catching on bridge expan-) Tj T* 0.0262 Tc 0.0249 Tw (sion joints and cross cracks.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.0016 Tc -0.6447 Tw (A thorough training program is required to ensure) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.1151 Tc -0.6995 Tw (that the operators are familiar with the adjustments) Tj T* -0.0177 Tc -0.7283 Tw (to maximize snow removal and maintain all safety) Tj T* -0.0122 Tc -0.5727 Tw (features in a fully functional condition.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.015 Tc -0.5789 Tw (Either right and/or left side plow wings are usually) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0154 Tc 0.5379 Tw (fitted to extend the plowing width \(see ) Tj 0.5578 Tc 0 Tw (W) Tj -0.0202 Tc 0.6113 Tw (ings or) Tj T* 0.4378 Tc 0 Tw (W) Tj -0.1661 Tc (ing-plows\).) Tj -21 -18 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0332 Tc -0.4821 Tw (Front Mounted Reversible Plows) Tj 0 -12 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0167 Tc -0.695 Tw (Front mounted reversible plows are used to move) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.0051 Tc 0.2261 Tw (snow to the left or right side of the truck and are) Tj T* -0.0602 Tc -0.6858 Tw (useful for clearing left hand lanes \(especially adja-) Tj T* 0.0202 Tc -0.4851 Tw (cent to a median\) and ramps.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0199 Tc 0.2211 Tw (They are widely used in urban areas because of) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0144 Tc -0.5945 Tw (their versatilit) Tj -0.9944 Tc 0 Tw (y.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0083 Tc 0.5309 Tw (These plows work well in low speed operations,) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0106 Tc 0.0467 Tw (but are less suitable for high speed plowing than) Tj T* -0.0216 Tc -0.5123 Tw (the one-way plow because the plow shape is less) Tj T* -0.0073 Tc 0.0224 Tw (efficient, requiring higher horsepower engines or) Tj T* -0.0572 Tc -0.6117 Tw (slower operating speeds.) Tj 237 624 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0058 Tc -0.1994 Tw (The snow is not thrown as far at the outlet end of) Tj 0 -12 TD 0 Tc -0.5491 Tw (the plow so more snow remains on the shoulde) Tj -0.5828 Tc 0 Tw (r.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.0108 Tc -0.2147 Tw (The shape allows more snow to escape from the) Tj 0 -12 TD -0 Tc 0.4713 Tw (mouldboard and contribute to the cloud of snow) Tj T* -0.0093 Tc -0.6596 Tw (surrounding the truck.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.2754 Tc -0.7134 Tw (Some manufacturers now offer reversible plows with) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.0066 Tc 0.1731 Tw (mouldboards that can be reshaped to match the) Tj T* -0.019 Tc -0.2299 Tw (shape of one-way plows when the mouldboard is) Tj T* -0.0297 Tc -0.682 Tw (angled in either direction. These plows have been) Tj T* -0.0183 Tc 0.0437 Tw (strongly endorsed by the plow operators, but are) Tj T* -0.0478 Tc -0.6811 Tw (significantly more expensive.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0162 Tc -0.3661 Tw (A unique variation of the reversible plow is a cen-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.2172 Tc -0.7174 Tw (tre-hinged-reversible plow that can push left or right,) Tj T* -0.0427 Tc -0.7161 Tw (or effectively become a V-plo) Tj -0.72 Tc 0 Tw (w.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0121 Tc 0.2832 Tw (The plows may be fitted with nose points to pro-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0051 Tc 0.2962 Tw (tect against catching on minor roadway obstruc-) Tj T* 0 Tc -0.1591 Tw (tions, bridge expansion joints, etc.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0476 Tc -0.2564 Tw (Front Mounted \223V\224 Plows) Tj 0 -12 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.1145 Tc -0.6944 Tw (Front mounted \223V\224 plows effectively handle deeper) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0031 Tc -0.7257 Tw (accumulations of sno) Tj -0.72 Tc 0 Tw (w.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0466 Tc -0.6523 Tw (These plows have been designed to lift snow over) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0246 Tc -0.6872 Tw (adjacent windrows and to balance side loading by) Tj T* -0.0048 Tc -0.2741 Tw (pushing snow to both sides.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0074 Tc 0.7936 Tw (Their use is now restricted mainly to areas with) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0018 Tc -0.0071 Tw (high snowfall rates and as back-up units to open) Tj T* -0.0131 Tc -0.7158 Tw (roads closed during severe storms.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0444 Tc -0.6533 Tw (Wings or Wing-plows) Tj 0 -12 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.5578 Tc (W) Tj 0.0038 Tc 0.5073 Tw (ings are smaller side-mounted plows that can) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.0064 Tc 0.1647 Tw (be mounted on a tower or mast near the front of) Tj T* 0.006 Tc -0.5058 Tw (the plow truck, or further to the rear at the back of) Tj T* -0.0041 Tc -0.1248 Tw (the cab.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.5578 Tc (W) Tj -0.0022 Tc -0.4867 Tw (ings can be mounted on graders as well.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.1112 Tc -0.6897 Tw (They can be mounted on either or both sides of the) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0203 Tc -0.52 Tw (plow vehicle, and effectively increase the width of) Tj T* -0.0335 Tc -0.6354 Tw (the plowed path.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.046 Tc -0.6486 Tw (One disadvantage of wings is that operator visibil-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0169 Tc -0.152 Tw (ity can be impaired.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.5578 Tc (W) Tj -0.0044 Tc -0.4445 Tw (ings improve efficiency and allow for increased) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.1309 Tc -0.678 Tw (snow removal, being especially useful in multi-lane) Tj T* -0.0227 Tc -0.6719 Tw (clearing and when operating in an echelon forma-) Tj T* -0.0285 Tc 0.0046 Tw (tion since they help prevent leaving a windrow of) Tj T* -0.0425 Tc -0.7164 Tw (snow on the traveled surface.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.5578 Tc (W) Tj -0.0026 Tc 0.4737 Tw (ings may be inappropriate in some urban set-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0672 Tc -0.6617 Tw (tings where they can throw snow beyond the edge) Tj T* -0.0909 Tc -0.686 Tw (of pavement and damage roadside features.) Tj ET endstream endobj 34 0 obj 18711 endobj 32 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 5 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F3 14 0 R /F4 16 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 33 0 R >> endobj 37 0 obj << /Length 38 0 R >> stream BT 60 748.08 TD 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg /F0 9.96 Tf -0.1556 Tc -0.6933 Tw (9.0 WINTER MAINTENANCE) Tj 359.28 0 TD -0.0624 Tc -0.6665 Tw (Syntheses of Best Practices) Tj -359.28 -12 TD -0.2283 Tc -0.6805 Tw (EQUIPMENT AND TECHNOLOGY) Tj 377.28 0 TD 0.0199 Tc 0.8712 Tw (Road Salt Management) Tj ET 0 0 0 rg 60 725.16 492 0.96 re f 60 59.16 492 0.96 re f BT 60 46.08 TD 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg -0.0049 Tc 0.2361 Tw (September 2003) Tj ET q 57.6 0 0 -2.28 494.4 54.12 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 19 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -2.88 494.4 51.96 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ????|<<|~~ ? ??? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -2.88 494.4 49.2 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID x|>?????~??????????? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -1.2 494.4 46.44 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 10 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ?`p EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -2.88 494.4 45.36 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID >???<?<???? ? ???? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -2.88 494.4 42.6 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ???????? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -1.56 494.4 39.84 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 13 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ?? EI Q BT 304.68 46.08 TD -0.0178 Tc 0 Tw (7) Tj -244.68 654 TD 0 0 0 rg /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0228 Tc 0.2806 Tw (Usually the vertical angle of the plow can be ad-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0244 Tc 0.5436 Tw (justed by a cable/chain or hydraulicall) Tj -1.02 Tc 0 Tw (y) Tj -0.0383 Tc 0.6294 Tw (, allowing) Tj T* -0.0041 Tc 0.3019 Tw (the wing to be used for clearing shoulders or for) Tj T* 0.0103 Tc -0.3492 Tw (cutting side banks of sno) Tj -0.72 Tc 0 Tw (w.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0091 Tc -0.7379 Tw (Underbody Plows) Tj 0 -12 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0179 Tc 0.5747 Tw (The underbody plow is suited to applications on) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0119 Tc -0.597 Tw (crowded urban streets, urban laneways and back) Tj T* -0.007 Tc 0.0324 Tw (alleys, as well as in some rural settings.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.1745 Tc -0.6401 Tw (They effectively serve as a two-way reversible plow) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0141 Tc -0.5548 Tw (and are normally stable.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0101 Tc 0.9812 Tw (They are effective in clearing highly compacted) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0269 Tc -0.6087 Tw (snow and ice \226 by way of variable down pressure,) Tj T* -0.0021 Tc 1.0561 Tw (using the truck\222s compressed air system or hy-) Tj T* 0.0127 Tc 0.1584 Tw (draulic pressure and springs, to maximize effec-) Tj T* -0.1136 Tc 0 Tw (tiveness.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0506 Tc -0.7126 Tw (These plows are limited to clearing snow accumu-) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.0195 Tc -0.0584 Tw (lations up to 30 cm.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0232 Tc -0.4143 Tw (Underbody plows are not normally used with side) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0172 Tc 0.8616 Tw (wings so the plowed path is limited and a lane-) Tj T* -0.0104 Tc -0.5505 Tw (side windrow of snow is created.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0155 Tc 1.0266 Tw (A rear mounted snow wing is now available for) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0631 Tc -0.6829 Tw (trucks with underbody plows but the plowing width) Tj T* -0.0056 Tc -0.6966 Tw (is less than that of a front mounted wing. ) Tj 0.5578 Tc 0 Tw (W) Tj -0.0308 Tc -0.6981 Tw (ith this) Tj T* -0.004 Tc -0.4677 Tw (configuration the vehicle might be expected to be) Tj T* 0 Tc 0.051 Tw (less stable than front mounted wings as the side) Tj T* -0.2583 Tc -0.7239 Tw (thrust from the wing is located further from the centre) Tj T* 0.0109 Tc -0.5598 Tw (of gravity of the truck.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.0067 Tc 0.9144 Tw (In some cases the vehicle might be less stable) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0149 Tc -0.714 Tw (due to excessive down pressure.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F0 9.96 Tf -0.0254 Tc 0.6165 Tw (Vertical Plows) Tj 0 -12 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0979 Tc -0.721 Tw (A recent development in plows is the vertical blade) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0111 Tc 0.6155 Tw (which is flat but hinged in two locations \(at third) Tj T* 0 Tc 0.7586 Tw (points\) so as to push straight, right or left, or to) Tj T* -0.0187 Tc -0.5216 Tw (effectively scoop snow by catching it and pushing) Tj T* -0.1116 Tc -0.6173 Tw (it forward.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0748 Tc -0.7291 Tw (This plow is usually loader or tractor mounted, and) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0523 Tc -0.7108 Tw (can accommodate a snow load traveling at slower) Tj T* -0.066 Tc -0.7349 Tw (speeds either forward or in reverse.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0086 Tc -0.347 Tw (A vertical plow is preferred in areas of unique ge-) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.0444 Tc 0 Tw (ometr) Tj -1.02 Tc (y) Tj -0 Tc -0.0567 Tw (, or where access is tight.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0109 Tc -0.1798 Tw (Cutting Edge or Blade) Tj 0 -12 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0212 Tc -0.6876 Tw (Snowplow cutting edges and blades are available) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0044 Tc -0.0044 Tw (in various designs and configurations for various) Tj T* -0.1156 Tc 0 Tw (operations.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0013 Tc -0.2647 Tw (Regular blades are made of heat-treated steel or) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0049 Tc -0.5525 Tw (fitted with tungsten carbide inserts to improve du-) Tj 258 612 TD -0.0226 Tc 0.8777 Tw (rability \(by a factor of up to eighty times in high) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0941 Tc -0.6348 Tw (speed operations\).) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.1578 Tc -0.6911 Tw (Rubber and polymer/plastic blades have been tried) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.0064 Tc 0.6533 Tw (to minimize damage to catch basins, bridge ex-) Tj T* -0.0469 Tc -0.682 Tw (pansion joints, centerline pavement markings and) Tj T* 0.0153 Tc -0.2813 Tw (raised reflective markers, etc. These blades can) Tj T* -0.0031 Tc 0.4742 Tw (be used to effectively \223squeegee\224 the surface to) Tj T* -0.1472 Tc -0.7017 Tw (remove slush in areas where the ambient tempera-) Tj T* -0.019 Tc -0.0413 Tw (tures usually rise above the freezing point during) Tj T* -0.008 Tc -0.2276 Tw (daylight hours after a storm. In areas with colder) Tj T* -0.2261 Tc -0.7128 Tw (temperatures the use of theses blades has not been) Tj T* 0.0262 Tc 0.085 Tw (as successful.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.0023 Tc -0.3845 Tw (Ice blades are used to cut into hard packed snow) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0171 Tc -0.6947 Tw (and ice that cannot be removed with conventional) Tj T* -0.0787 Tc 0 Tw (blades.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0011 Tc 1.3722 Tw (Special plow blades with sliding segments that) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.1152 Tc -0.6994 Tw (move up and down vertically facilitate the thorough) Tj T* 0 Tc -0.669 Tw (clearing of rough or distorted pavement, reducing) Tj T* 0.0014 Tc 0.2697 Tw (the amount of salt required to bare off the pave-) Tj T* 0.0235 Tc 0.6362 Tw (ment. The manufacturers also claim that these) Tj T* -0.197 Tc -0.6669 Tw (blades minimize damage to the plow and truck from) Tj T* 0.0051 Tc 0.326 Tw (hitting obstructions, such as catch basin covers,) Tj T* 0.0111 Tc 0.61 Tw (as less force is required to retract one segment) Tj T* -0.0015 Tc 0.8927 Tw (clear of the obstruction. These blades are well) Tj T* -0.0288 Tc -0.6601 Tw (suited for high speed and rural plowing.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F5 9.96 Tf -0.059 Tc -0.7498 Tw (Snow Removal and Disposal) Tj 0 -21 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0774 Tc -0.6782 Tw (Over the course of a winter and multiple plowing opera-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0291 Tc 0.7669 Tw (tions snow will build up along roadways. Areas with) Tj T* -0.0074 Tc 0.9585 Tw (limited space for plowed-snow storage may develop) Tj T* -0.1659 Tc -0.683 Tw (visual obstructions for drivers, act as a snow fence caus-) Tj T* -0.237 Tc -0.7052 Tw (ing drifts to form across roads, and prevent future plowing) Tj T* -0.111 Tc -0.7036 Tw (operations from being productive once the snow capac-) Tj T* -0.0102 Tc -0.5854 Tw (ity of the area is exceeded. In addition, accumulations) Tj T* -0.0123 Tc -0.2966 Tw (next to guide rail, barrier walls and bridge approaches) Tj T* -0.0013 Tc -0.0976 Tw (can freeze solid and create an unsafe ramping condi-) Tj T* -0.0209 Tc 0 Tw (tion.) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0775 Tc -0.7714 Tw (The piled sno) Tj -0.7111 Tc 0 Tw (w) Tj -0.0872 Tc -0.6817 Tw (, containing salt and other road contami-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.2697 Tc -0.6632 Tw (nants, may need to be removed and disposed of or stored) Tj T* -0.0025 Tc -0.2464 Tw (in an appropriate manne) Tj -0.0339 Tc -0.195 Tw (r. Refer to the Snow Storage) Tj T* -0 Tc -0.0983 Tw (and Disposal Synthesis of Best Practices for more in-) Tj T* -0.1802 Tc 0 Tw (formation.) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0133 Tc 0.1416 Tw (Snow removal is usually considered a fair-weather or) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0061 Tc -0.0713 Tw (clean-up operation, and may entail traffic control con-) Tj T* -0.056 Tc -0.6901 Tw (siderations. Also, most removal operations often leave) Tj T* -0.0014 Tc -0.3435 Tw (some snow on the road that must then be treated with) Tj T* 0.0029 Tc 0.0182 Tw (abrasives or snow and ice control chemicals to main-) Tj T* -0.027 Tc -0.7419 Tw (tain safe driving conditions.) 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EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -1.2 60 46.44 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 10 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ?`p EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -2.88 60 45.36 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID >???<?<???? ? ???? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -2.88 60 42.6 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ???????? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -1.56 60 39.84 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 13 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ?? EI Q BT 305.64 46.08 TD -0.0178 Tc 0 Tw (8) Tj ET 0 0 0 rg 60 725.16 492 0.96 re f BT 60 700.32 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.054 Tc -0.6749 Tw (Various removal methods and equipment are available) Tj 0 -11.64 TD -0.0047 Tc 1.0491 Tw (and should be selected based on local needs. The) Tj 0 -11.76 TD -0.2705 Tc -0.7155 Tw (following discussion provides a general overview of meth-) Tj 0 -11.64 TD 0.0011 Tc -0.7033 Tw (ods and equipment used to remove and dispose of ac-) Tj 0 -11.76 TD -0.1708 Tc -0.6781 Tw (cumulated plowed sno) Tj -0.8311 Tc 0 Tw (w) Tj -0.1619 Tc -0.735 Tw (, and some advantages and dis-) Tj 0 -11.64 TD -0.0722 Tc -0.6567 Tw (advantages of their use.) Tj 0 -18.96 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0171 Tc 0.294 Tw (Loading, Hauling and Dumping) Tj 0 -12 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0021 Tc 0.4561 Tw (The most cost effective and easily mobilized re-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.057 Tc -0.6547 Tw (moval operation for isolated locations is by means) Tj T* 0.0058 Tc -0.5804 Tw (of a loader that fills conventional contractor dump) Tj T* -0.0391 Tc -0.7498 Tw (truck\(s\), which then haul the snow to the appropri-) Tj T* -0.0089 Tc 0.48 Tw (ate site.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0162 Tc -0.2327 Tw (The capacity of the loader and the truck body will) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0189 Tc -0.75 Tw (determine the production rate and effective cost.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0103 Tc 0.0814 Tw (Auxiliary equipment may be required to increase) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.043 Tc 1.3539 Tw (the efficiency of the operation. For instance, ) Tj 1.4222 Tc 0 Tw (a) Tj T* 0.0111 Tc 1.375 Tw (grader may \223peel\224 a snow bank into a suitable) Tj T* -0.0018 Tc -0.4014 Tw (windrow in order to accommodate the loader and) Tj T* 0.009 Tc -0.0179 Tw (truck position.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.03 Tc -0.6989 Tw (Since a loading operation necessarily impacts the) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.0106 Tc -0.1395 Tw (flow of traffic in the area, traffic control or protec-) Tj T* -0.0482 Tc -0.6978 Tw (tion is often required, and consideration should be) Tj T* -0.0027 Tc -0.4061 Tw (given to doing this as night work.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F0 9.96 Tf -0.0224 Tc -0.7064 Tw (Mobile Conveyors) Tj 0 -12 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0084 Tc -0.4505 Tw (Mobile conveyors are used to load snow from the) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0067 Tc -0.1222 Tw (shoulders or a windrow directly into trucks for re-) Tj T* -0.3287 Tc 0 Tw (moval.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0491 Tc -0.6798 Tw (They can operate entirely on the shoulder with the) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0125 Tc 0.4169 Tw (unit and the truck being loaded both lined up on) Tj T* -0.0079 Tc -0.697 Tw (the shoulder and not disrupting traffic.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0041 Tc -0.3498 Tw (They are useful in areas with high traffic volumes) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.017 Tc -0.0859 Tw (or limited access) Tj -21 -18 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0452 Tc 0.546 Tw (Snow Melting) Tj 0 -12 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.0028 Tc 1.3533 Tw (Snow melters melt snow that is picked up and) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.007 Tc -0.1969 Tw (place into a heated box. The resulting melt water) Tj T* -0.0181 Tc -0.3808 Tw (is usually drained directly to the storm sewer sys-) Tj T* 0.107 Tc 0 Tw (tem.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0018 Tc -0.1613 Tw (Melters provide a solution for unique problem ar-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.1431 Tc -0.6715 Tw (eas, particularly tight urban areas with limited snow) Tj T* -0.0613 Tc -0.7276 Tw (storage available adjacent to the road on the right-) Tj T* -0.1904 Tc 0 Tw (of-wa) Tj -1.1144 Tc (y.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0945 Tc -0.6686 Tw (This method of handling snow disposal was devel-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0085 Tc -0.3775 Tw (oped before energy costs escalated, and has be-) Tj T* -0.071 Tc -0.7436 Tw (come somewhat more expensive due to rising fuel) Tj T* 0.2041 Tc 0 Tw (costs.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0137 Tc -0.7151 Tw (Melters may be an economical solution where the) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0107 Tc 0.2932 Tw (hauling costs are high \(i.e. where snow disposal) Tj T* -0.0158 Tc -0.7131 Tw (facilities are far from snow removal locations.) Tj 237 629.16 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0081 Tc 0.6442 Tw (Where sanding is a major activity in your winter) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0091 Tc -0.2741 Tw (operations, there can be a problem with plugging) Tj T* -0.0714 Tc -0.6175 Tw (when melting sand-laden sno) Tj -0.72 Tc 0 Tw (w.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0092 Tc -0.5997 Tw (Snow melters may involve water/waste treatment) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0163 Tc 0.2674 Tw (issues \(see Snow Storage & Disposal Synthesis) Tj T* 0.0119 Tc -0.0208 Tw (of Best Practices\).) Tj -21 -18 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0617 Tc -0.3105 Tw (Snow Moving) Tj 0 -12 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0785 Tc -0.6504 Tw (Snow bank accumulations may simply be handled) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0327 Tc 0.1952 Tw (by a conventional plow truck and physically relo-) Tj T* -0.0875 Tc -0.6414 Tw (cated further back beyond the roadway and shoul-) Tj T* -0.5703 Tc 0 Tw (der.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.2227 Tc -0.6982 Tw (High-winging or stepped-winging commonly is used) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0027 Tc -0.0962 Tw (to cut the bank height.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.015 Tc -0.6839 Tw (In a rural and/or urban environment, a grader with) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0094 Tc 0.0965 Tw (or without a wing can be used to move the snow) Tj T* 0.3066 Tc 1.3245 Tw (further back to create space for subsequent) Tj T* -0.0153 Tc -0.7136 Tw (plowable storm events or to act as a barrier \(snow) Tj T* -0.0011 Tc -0.6477 Tw (ridge\) instead of using a snow fence.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0552 Tc (Alternativel) Tj -1.02 Tc (y) Tj -0.0363 Tc -0.6754 Tw (, the bank may be cut forward, toward) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0204 Tc -0.5885 Tw (the roadwa) Tj -1.02 Tc 0 Tw (y) Tj -0.0195 Tc -0.6094 Tw (, immediately followed by a full speed) Tj T* -0.0234 Tc -0.4827 Tw (one-way plow run that effectively throws the loos-) Tj T* -0.0112 Tc -0.4297 Tw (ened snow to the fence line.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0302 Tc -0.1591 Tw (Snow Blowers) Tj 0 -12 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0422 Tc (W) Tj 9.96 0 TD -0.0042 Tc 0.7839 Tw (hile blowers can be used during storm condi-) Tj -9.96 -12 TD -0.097 Tc -0.6852 Tw (tions, they are a slower production unit than a plow) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.242 Tc -0.6926 Tw (and are normally used for post-storm snow removal.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.0009 Tc -0.2764 Tw (Blowers are also used to load trucks for snow re-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.2023 Tc -0.6765 Tw (moval in urban areas, along roads with limited snow) Tj T* -0.003 Tc -0.7259 Tw (storage space.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0108 Tc -0.5714 Tw (They are often owned by contractors or are a part) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.004 Tc 0.4971 Tw (of an equipment fleet that services a network of) Tj T* -0.1472 Tc -0.7017 Tw (open roads in an area with very high snowfall rates.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.144 Tc -0.6649 Tw (Blowers are typically mounted on dedicated trucks,) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0862 Tc -0.7113 Tw (tractors, or are attached to large front-end loaders.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.1691 Tc -0.6455 Tw (They are available with hydraulic powered vanes to) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0027 Tc -0.4412 Tw (control the direction of the blower in snow banks.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.2688 Tc -0.7001 Tw (They may also have hydraulic controls on the chutes) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0056 Tc -0.2583 Tw (to accurately direct the snow into the trucks used) Tj T* -0.1445 Tc -0.7043 Tw (for haulage.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0148 Tc 0.9809 Tw (Blowers can be used simply to widen the snow) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0217 Tc -0.5871 Tw (bank area and relocate the snow by blowing it be-) Tj T* -0.0532 Tc -0.6757 Tw (yond the bank toward the ditchline \(where storage) Tj T* -0.0263 Tc -0.5226 Tw (capacity is available\).) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0052 Tc -0.6037 Tw (All blower operators must be aware of wind direc-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.014 Tc -0.4899 Tw (tion and the visibility concern that traffic could en-) Tj T* -0.1233 Tc 0 Tw (counte) Tj -0.7028 Tc (r.) Tj ET endstream endobj 41 0 obj 18553 endobj 39 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 36 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F3 14 0 R /F4 16 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 40 0 R >> endobj 43 0 obj << /Length 44 0 R >> stream BT 60 748.08 TD 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg /F0 9.96 Tf -0.1556 Tc -0.6933 Tw (9.0 WINTER MAINTENANCE) Tj 359.28 0 TD -0.0624 Tc -0.6665 Tw (Syntheses of Best Practices) Tj -359.28 -12 TD -0.2283 Tc -0.6805 Tw (EQUIPMENT AND TECHNOLOGY) Tj 377.28 0 TD 0.0199 Tc 0.8712 Tw (Road Salt Management) Tj ET 0 0 0 rg 60 725.16 492 0.96 re f 60 59.16 492 0.96 re f BT 60 46.08 TD 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg -0.0049 Tc 0.2361 Tw (September 2003) Tj ET q 57.6 0 0 -2.28 494.4 54.12 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 19 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -2.88 494.4 51.96 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ????|<<|~~ ? ??? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -2.88 494.4 49.2 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID x|>?????~??????????? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -1.2 494.4 46.44 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 10 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ?`p EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -2.88 494.4 45.36 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID >???<?<???? ? ???? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -2.88 494.4 42.6 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ???????? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -1.56 494.4 39.84 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 13 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ?? EI Q BT 304.68 46.08 TD -0.0178 Tc 0 Tw (9) Tj -244.68 654 TD 0 0 0 rg /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0958 Tc -0.6465 Tw (Blowers may leave some snow on the road surface that) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0149 Tc 0.1793 Tw (could be plowed or treated with abrasives or a deicer) Tj T* 0.0019 Tc -0.7068 Tw (chemical to maintain safe driving conditions.) Tj 0 -21.72 TD 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg /F1 11.04 Tf -0.0113 Tc 0.9399 Tw (Using Road Salts to Control Snow and Ice) Tj 0 -19.44 TD 0 0 0 rg /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0045 Tc 0.7557 Tw (Preventing a snow and ice bond to the road surface) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.1317 Tc -0.6871 Tw (should be the top priorit) Tj -1.14 Tc 0 Tw (y) Tj -0.126 Tc -0.6989 Tw (, and destroying that bond must) Tj T* -0.0924 Tc -0.7031 Tw (be done as quickly as possible if prevention efforts from) Tj T* 0.0013 Tc 1.1555 Tw (early-storm treatments fail. Road salts prevent and) Tj T* -0.0148 Tc 0.0059 Tw (destroy that bond, making removal by plowing easie) Tj -0.5828 Tc 0 Tw (r,) Tj T* -0.008 Tc -0.4509 Tw (and melting that portion of the frozen precipitation that) Tj T* 0.007 Tc 0.1441 Tw (cannot be removed mechanicall) Tj -1.02 Tc 0 Tw (y) Tj -0.0131 Tc 0.1482 Tw (. The key is to apply) Tj T* 0.001 Tc -0.4539 Tw (the right amount of the right material, in the right place) Tj T* -0.0022 Tc -0.1467 Tw (and at the right time. ) Tj -0.0211 Tc -0.1077 Tw (Various chemical control strate-) Tj T* -0.09 Tc -0.6989 Tw (gies are available.) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.1315 Tc -0.6831 Tw (The following discussion provides a general overview of) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0069 Tc 0.088 Tw (methods and equipment used to apply salt and sand,) Tj T* -0.0508 Tc -0.6952 Tw (and some advantages and disadvantages of their use.) Tj 0 -21 TD /F5 9.96 Tf -0.0374 Tc -0.6915 Tw (Anti-icing/Deicing Methods) Tj T* /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0745 Tc -0.6394 Tw (Anti-icing is the proactive use of any melting agent) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0611 Tc -0.7211 Tw (to assist melting and resist the formation of a bond) Tj T* -0.0292 Tc -0.6997 Tw (between snow and ice and the pavement surface.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.1083 Tc -0.672 Tw (Anti-icing can involve application to the roadway of) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0032 Tc -0.2057 Tw (liquids, pre-wetted solid granular materials or dry) Tj T* 0.0017 Tc -0.3106 Tw (granular material. Thus, anti-icing is not confined) Tj T* -0.0071 Tc -0.0618 Tw (to using liquids.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0059 Tc 0.717 Tw (Direct liquid applications are efficient since they) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.0027 Tc 0.3141 Tw (provide melt action immediately and do not take) Tj T* -0.0173 Tc -0.7115 Tw (time to dissolve and form brine. As well, liquids do) Tj T* -0.2682 Tc -0.7407 Tw (not depend on the presence of heat from the ground,) Tj T* 0.0078 Tc 0.5633 Tw (sunlight or traffic to dissolve \(endothermic reac-) Tj T* -0.0902 Tc 0 Tw (tion\).) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0012 Tc 0.4724 Tw (The timing of the application is not as critical as) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0036 Tc -0.3995 Tw (with granular materials; the principle is that traffic) Tj T* -0.002 Tc -0.2769 Tw (will help the liquid migrate across the road cross-) Tj T* -0.0187 Tc -0.3673 Tw (section and yet not develop into road spra) Tj -0.9944 Tc 0 Tw (y.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.1503 Tc -0.7106 Tw (If the application is earlier than the onset of a storm,) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.024 Tc 0.3452 Tw (a NaCl brine will evaporate leaving a salt crystal) Tj T* 0 Tc 0.1963 Tw (residue in the surface pores/texture of the pave-) Tj T* -0.0555 Tc -0.7034 Tw (ment \(and which will redissolve and reform a brine) Tj T* -0.0467 Tc -0.7422 Tw (with precipitation\); conversel) Tj -1.02 Tc 0 Tw (y) Tj -0.0526 Tc -0.6763 Tw (, hygroscopic brines) Tj T* 0.0027 Tc 0.3827 Tw (\(such as CaCl2 and MgCl2\) will attract moisture) Tj T* -0.0309 Tc 0.577 Tw (and continually wet the road until they are dissi-) Tj T* -0.1348 Tc 0 Tw (pated.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.0054 Tc 0.5457 Tw (The purpose of dir) Tj 82.68 0 TD -0.019 Tc 0.5861 Tw (ect liquid application is to en-) Tj -82.68 -12 TD -0.0045 Tc -0.3111 Tw (hance road safety over the life of the storm, how-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0168 Tc 0.1413 Tw (ever the application of any liquid to the road sur-) Tj 258 614.16 TD -0.1137 Tc -0.6552 Tw (face, including rainfall, temporarily lessens the fric-) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.001 Tc -0.6099 Tw (tion, and therefore the safet) Tj -1.02 Tc 0 Tw (y) Tj 0.035 Tc -0.6679 Tw (, of the road. The im-) Tj T* 0.0056 Tc -0.4345 Tw (pact of this temporary effect can be minimized by) Tj T* -0.0276 Tc -0.6773 Tw (using the appropriate liquid application method.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0143 Tc 1.0495 Tw (An advantage of using a liquid is that it can be) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.0107 Tc -0.5446 Tw (applied in advance of the start of a storm.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0058 Tc 0.3836 Tw (The approach to resisting the bond is not to wet) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0827 Tc -0.6911 Tw (the road, but simply to provide enough chemical to) Tj T* -0.0158 Tc -0.3731 Tw (enhance early-storm safety with an application of) Tj T* -0.0091 Tc 0.3002 Tw (chemical that stays on the road. The intention is) Tj T* -0.0233 Tc 0.8184 Tw (not to \223wash\224 or even fully wet the road with an) Tj T* -0.0093 Tc -0.051 Tw (equivalent chemical loading as that of a granular) Tj T* -0.0681 Tc 0 Tw (application.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0999 Tc (Generall) Tj -1.14 Tc (y) Tj -0.0994 Tc -0.7045 Tw (, an equivalent weight of salt applied as ) Tj -0.8578 Tc 0 Tw (a) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.1098 Tc -0.7048 Tw (liquid \(e.g. dissolved in water\) performs better than) Tj T* -0.0072 Tc -0.1817 Tw (the same weight of dry granular salt because the) Tj T* -0.009 Tc 0.7735 Tw (liquid is fully retained on the road surface. The) Tj T* -0.0586 Tc -0.7153 Tw (cost on a dollar-per-gram basis may be greater for) Tj T* -0.0274 Tc 0.9385 Tw (liquid only applications \(depending on the liquid) Tj T* -0.0451 Tc -0.6637 Tw (used\), however the offsetting safety benefits have) Tj T* -0.0044 Tc -0.6645 Tw (to be considered.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0125 Tc 0.0722 Tw (It is acknowledged that a direct liquid application) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.1219 Tc -0.682 Tw (has much less \223staying power\224, however the use of) Tj T* -0.1832 Tc -0.6857 Tw (this procedure lessens overall chloride loadings per) Tj T* -0.1452 Tc -0.7337 Tw (storm and allows for bare pavement to be achieved) Tj T* -0.1942 Tc 0 Tw (soone) Tj -0.7028 Tc (r.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0304 Tc -0.6685 Tw (The application of liquids can be triggered by sen-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0117 Tc -0.6572 Tw (sors and sprayed on a road o) Tj 0.0052 Tc -0.6741 Tw (r, more commonl) Tj -1.02 Tc 0 Tw (y) Tj -0.3733 Tc -0.3556 Tw (, a) Tj T* 0.0052 Tc 0.6259 Tw (bridge deck surface via Fixed Automated Spray) Tj T* -0.0308 Tc -0.418 Tw (Technology \(FAST\). The focus of this discussion,) Tj T* -0.199 Tc -0.6899 Tw (however, is on fleet-based equipment that performs) Tj T* -0.0446 Tc -0.7083 Tw (the service over the road network.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0304 Tc -0.6813 Tw (Direct liquid applications can be applied over mul-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.211 Tc -0.6979 Tw (tiple lanes by trucks traveling at higher speeds \(than) Tj T* -0.0113 Tc 0.6024 Tw (conventional salt spreading\) with due regard for) Tj T* -0.1051 Tc 0 Tw (traffic.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.0094 Tc 1.3817 Tw (Trucks used for straight liquid applications can) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0103 Tc -0.6986 Tw (range in size, to accommodate frame-mounted or) Tj T* 0.0074 Tc -0.6163 Tw (slide-in tanks. Truck configurations may include:) Tj 0 -18 TD 0.0433 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 7.32 0 TD 0.0189 Tc -0.7135 Tw (small trucks with tanks ranging from those used) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.351 Tc 1.3801 Tw (as patrol vehicles \(pickups to two-tons\) to) Tj T* -0.0137 Tc 0.0648 Tw (vehicles used for vegetation spraying or bridge) Tj T* -0.0469 Tc -0.642 Tw (washing in the off-season;) Tj -7.32 -18 TD 0.0433 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 7.32 0 TD 0.2233 Tc 1.3878 Tw (larger trucks used for water applications or) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0272 Tc -0.7217 Tw (calcium dust suppression applications in the off-) Tj T* -0.0457 Tc 0 Tw (season;) Tj -7.32 -18 TD 0.0433 Tc (-) Tj 7.32 0 TD -0.1338 Tc -0.6951 Tw (full-size, larger capacity tractor trailer tanker units) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0008 Tc -0.6531 Tw (used for long distance hauling in the off season.) Tj ET endstream endobj 44 0 obj 18551 endobj 42 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 36 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F1 10 0 R /F3 14 0 R /F4 16 0 R /F5 21 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 43 0 R >> endobj 46 0 obj << /Length 47 0 R >> stream BT 60 748.08 TD 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg /F0 9.96 Tf -0.0624 Tc -0.6665 Tw (Syntheses of Best Practices) Tj 361.44 0 TD -0.1556 Tc -0.6933 Tw (9.0 WINTER MAINTENANCE) Tj -361.44 -12 TD 0.0199 Tc 0.8712 Tw (Road Salt Management) Tj 339 0 TD -0.2283 Tc -0.6805 Tw (EQUIPMENT AND TECHNOLOGY) Tj ET 0 0 0 rg 60 59.16 492 0.96 re f BT 475.44 46.08 TD 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg -0.0049 Tc 0.2361 Tw (September 2003) Tj ET q 57.6 0 0 -2.28 60 54.12 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 19 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -2.88 60 51.96 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ????|<<|~~ ? ??? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -2.88 60 49.2 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID x|>?????~??????????? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -1.2 60 46.44 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 10 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ?`p EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -2.88 60 45.36 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID >???<?<???? ? ???? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -2.88 60 42.6 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ???????? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -1.56 60 39.84 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 13 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ?? EI Q BT 302.88 46.08 TD -0.0178 Tc 0 Tw (10) Tj ET 0 0 0 rg 60 725.16 492 0.96 re f BT 60 700.08 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0008 Tc -0.6595 Tw (Trailer-mounted tanks may also suit the liquid ap-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0704 Tc -0.7785 Tw (plication requirement.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0457 Tc -0.7175 Tw (Custom built units may be required for specialized) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0681 Tc -0.6608 Tw (high-speed, multi-lane, long-range applications.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0447 Tc -0.6642 Tw (Mid-sized trucks used for direct liquid applications) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0595 Tc -0.6694 Tw (can also be outfitted with a plow and wing harness) Tj T* 0.0161 Tc -0.4649 Tw (for subsequent use later in the storm.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0335 Tc -0.4382 Tw (Tank, pump and nozzle configurations, as well as) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0803 Tc -0.6486 Tw (the controlle) Tj -0.6767 Tc 0 Tw (r) Tj -0.074 Tc -0.6788 Tw (, will determine the preferred applica-) Tj T* -0.0059 Tc -0.6629 Tw (tion practice and route range.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0363 Tc -0.6926 Tw (Gravity-fed applications also are possible.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.3405 Tc -0.6884 Tw (The preferred applications make use of \223pencil-sized\224) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.0264 Tc -0.222 Tw (streams at 200 mm to 300 mm spacing; this pre-) Tj T* -0.177 Tc -0.6719 Tw (vents misting or atomizing the liquid that then blows) Tj T* -0.0036 Tc -0.3503 Tw (away and doesn\222t make it to the road surface.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0297 Tc -0.6692 Tw (An alternative to pencil-nozzles is the use of tube-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0023 Tc -0.2466 Tw (trailers that run from each nozzle to the road sur-) Tj T* -0.1734 Tc -0.6905 Tw (face and directly target the liquid without the stream) Tj T* -0.0092 Tc -0.7063 Tw (passing through the air; though the tube has to be) Tj T* -0.0155 Tc -0.4048 Tw (adequately clamped and will wear from the pave-) Tj T* -0 Tc 0.2616 Tw (ment surface, it better targets the liquid onto the) Tj T* -0.2438 Tc 0 Tw (road.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.019 Tc -0.7479 Tw (Pre-wetting Methods) Tj 0 -12 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.0095 Tc 0.9073 Tw (Pre-wetting is a commonly used practice to im-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.1305 Tc -0.705 Tw (prove retention and keep salt on the road by reduc-) Tj T* -0.0083 Tc -0.4656 Tw (ing the effects of bouncing, blowing and sliding of) Tj T* -0.0285 Tc -0.7304 Tw (the salt or sand particles. This technique uses salt) Tj T* -0.0622 Tc -0.6667 Tw (brine, liquid calcium chloride or other liquid chemi-) Tj T* -0.0075 Tc 0.9886 Tw (cal to wet the salt or salt as it is spread on the) Tj T* -0.2438 Tc 0 Tw (road.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.003 Tc 0.0799 Tw (Pre-wetting also enhances the melt action of the) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.1277 Tc -0.6869 Tw (chemical present by speeding the dissolving of salt) Tj T* -0.0342 Tc -0.6946 Tw (and the formation of brine.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0662 Tc -0.6627 Tw (Spraying stockpiles and truck loads has also been) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0062 Tc -0.7027 Tw (termed pre-wetting or \223pre-treating\224, but this past-) Tj T* 0.0032 Tc -0.297 Tw (practice is not as practical since the granules are) Tj T* -0.0153 Tc 0.5465 Tw (not uniformly coated, the liquid may drain out of) Tj T* -0.096 Tc -0.6779 Tw (the solid material and the performance on the road) Tj T* 0.002 Tc -0.4109 Tw (is not consistent throughout the route. Therefore,) Tj T* -0.0726 Tc -0.6863 Tw (pre-wetting should be done by spraying the salt as) Tj T* 0.0038 Tc -0.306 Tw (it is discharged from the chute, or at the spinne) Tj -0.5828 Tc 0 Tw (r.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0073 Tc -0.4416 Tw (Practical considerations relate to the gradation of) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0021 Tc -0.4868 Tw (the salt being wetted, the maximum liquid to solid) Tj T* 0.0124 Tc -0.3279 Tw (ratio that can be mixed, the amount of mixing ac-) Tj T* 0.0127 Tc -0.1816 Tw (tion, caking/clumping concerns, etc.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0101 Tc -0.0588 Tw (Adjustment of the spray nozzles is critical. ) Tj -0.1904 Tc 0 Tw (Tests) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0444 Tc -0.6844 Tw (by one state department of transportation showed) Tj 258 618 TD -0.0994 Tc -0.7152 Tw (that they never achieved more than 60% coverage) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.0018 Tc -0.5173 Tw (of the salt. The remaining 40% of the pre-wetting) Tj T* -0.0279 Tc -0.4439 Tw (liquid was effectively being applied directly on the) Tj T* -0.2438 Tc 0 Tw (road.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0337 Tc -0.6951 Tw (As the wetting agents are corrosive, it is important) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0053 Tc 0.3804 Tw (that corrosion resistant nozzles and non-contact) Tj T* 0.0182 Tc 0.253 Tw (pumps are used to ensure dependable perform-) Tj T* -0.0964 Tc 0 Tw (ance.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0129 Tc -0.0817 Tw (Extensive testing is currently being carried out to) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.007 Tc -0.5419 Tw (identify optimum liquid application rates.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.1356 Tc -0.7133 Tw (Pre-wetting provides significant potential for reduc-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0 Tc 0.2912 Tw (tions in salt use but can increase the complexity) Tj T* -0.0553 Tc -0.6736 Tw (of the required equipment and controlle) Tj -0.5828 Tc 0 Tw (r.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.1749 Tc -0.644 Tw (Pre-wetting requires additional equipment. Storage) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.0125 Tc -0.5014 Tw (tanks for the liquid\(s\), or brine making equipment) Tj T* -0.0799 Tc -0.724 Tw (are required, along with pumps to load the spread-) Tj T* 0.0192 Tc 0 Tw (ers.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0089 Tc -0.6515 Tw (The on-board liquid capacity and loading time are) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.0126 Tc -0.6215 Tw (factors to conside) Tj -0.5828 Tc 0 Tw (r.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.1239 Tc -0.6907 Tw (The application pumps on the spreaders should be) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0085 Tc 0.3396 Tw (regulated by ground speed controllers to ensure) Tj T* -0.279 Tc -0.7242 Tw (the correct liquid application rate is maintained under) Tj T* -0.0063 Tc -0.1225 Tw (all conditions.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.073 Tc -0.7359 Tw (Additional maintenance is required such as ensur-) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.0228 Tc 1.3783 Tw (ing that the liquid filters, lines and nozzles are) Tj T* -0.0083 Tc 0.1495 Tw (purged and the equipment cleaned at the end of) Tj T* -0.2432 Tc -0.6957 Tw (the storm to prevent clogged lines and seized equip-) Tj T* -0.062 Tc 0 Tw (ment.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0 Tc (Spreaders) Tj 0 -12 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.0062 Tc 0.5549 Tw (The total amount of salt used for winter mainte-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.013 Tc -0.5559 Tw (nance is significantly influenced by the character-) Tj T* 0.0077 Tc -0.6166 Tw (istics of the spreader equipment.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0.3516 Tw (Spreader controls must be capable of delivering) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0323 Tc -0.6966 Tw (several precise application rates.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0432 Tc -0.7057 Tw (The application rate should be consistent whether) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0049 Tc -0.2239 Tw (the spreader is full or nearly empt) Tj -1.02 Tc 0 Tw (y) Tj 0.0024 Tc -0.2513 Tw (, regardless of) Tj T* -0.0493 Tc -0.7096 Tw (material variations, or temperature changes.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.1215 Tc -0.7034 Tw (When purchasing new equipment, road authorities) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.0062 Tc 0.0021 Tw (should require test results from suppliers to con-) Tj T* -0.0062 Tc -0.6198 Tw (firm that the equipment will achieve precise appli-) Tj T* -0.0037 Tc -0.3952 Tw (cation rates under all conditions.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.004 Tc -0.5129 Tw (Spreaders must operate in a severe environment) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.001 Tc -0.6679 Tw (of low temperatures, high moisture, poor visibilit) Tj -0.9944 Tc 0 Tw (y,) Tj T* -0.0088 Tc -0.6961 Tw (and corrosion, often with limited maintenance.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.004 Tc 0.7001 Tw (Controllers must be easy to load, and simple to) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.1729 Tc 0 Tw (operate.) Tj ET endstream endobj 47 0 obj 18493 endobj 45 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 36 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F3 14 0 R /F4 16 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 46 0 R >> endobj 49 0 obj << /Length 50 0 R >> stream BT 60 748.08 TD 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg /F0 9.96 Tf -0.1556 Tc -0.6933 Tw (9.0 WINTER MAINTENANCE) Tj 359.28 0 TD -0.0624 Tc -0.6665 Tw (Syntheses of Best Practices) Tj -359.28 -12 TD -0.2283 Tc -0.6805 Tw (EQUIPMENT AND TECHNOLOGY) Tj 377.28 0 TD 0.0199 Tc 0.8712 Tw (Road Salt Management) Tj ET 0 0 0 rg 60 725.16 492 0.96 re f 60 59.16 492 0.96 re f BT 60 46.08 TD 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg -0.0049 Tc 0.2361 Tw (September 2003) Tj ET q 57.6 0 0 -2.28 494.4 54.12 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 19 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -2.88 494.4 51.96 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ????|<<|~~ ? ??? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -2.88 494.4 49.2 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID x|>?????~??????????? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -1.2 494.4 46.44 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 10 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ?`p EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -2.88 494.4 45.36 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID >???<?<???? ? ???? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -2.88 494.4 42.6 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ???????? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -1.56 494.4 39.84 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 13 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ?? EI Q BT 301.92 46.08 TD -0.0178 Tc 0 Tw (11) Tj -241.92 654 TD 0 0 0 rg /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0274 Tc (Ideall) Tj -1.02 Tc (y) Tj -0.0072 Tc 0.0155 Tw (, a spreader should be adaptable for other) Tj 0 -12 TD 0 Tc -0.4894 Tw (tasks, or the hopper should be easily removed so) Tj T* -0.0171 Tc -0.7418 Tw (the trucks can be used for other operations during) Tj T* 0.0083 Tc -0.8572 Tw (the summe) Tj -0.5828 Tc 0 Tw (r.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.013 Tc -0.7009 Tw (Hoppers must be constructed so that all sand and) Tj 0 -12 TD -0 Tc -0.4715 Tw (salt can be easily removed from the bod) Tj -0.9944 Tc 0 Tw (y.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0136 Tc -0.6982 Tw (Spreaders should be fitted with screens to ensure) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0924 Tc -0.7051 Tw (that frozen clumps of material or other contaminat-) Tj T* -0.0041 Tc 1.3752 Tw (ing material that would jam the chain/conveyor) Tj T* 0.0094 Tc -0.6983 Tw (mechanism are not loaded into the spreaders.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0082 Tc 0.7944 Tw (Cab shields should be fitted to assist in loading) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0049 Tc -0.679 Tw (the spreaders to ensure that all loaded salt enters) Tj T* 0.0053 Tc -0.3875 Tw (the box, and material is not spilled over the truck.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.0171 Tc -0.446 Tw (Spreaders should be manufactured from a mate-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0106 Tc 0.7217 Tw (rial that will resist corrosion. Special chlorinated) Tj T* -0.0035 Tc 0.4546 Tw (rubber primers and epoxy-based primers will in-) Tj T* -0.1438 Tc -0.688 Tw (crease coating life. Stainless and galvanized steel,) Tj T* -0.1365 Tc -0.6824 Tw (and fiberglass bodies are available but can be rela-) Tj T* -0.1426 Tc -0.672 Tw (tively expensive. High strength, low alloy self-coat-) Tj T* -0.0075 Tc -0.6014 Tw (ing steel, used with good surface preparation and) Tj T* -0.0199 Tc -0.709 Tw (special primers has been proven to provide a cost) Tj T* -0.0106 Tc -0.6916 Tw (effective body life of up to fifteen years. Manufac-) Tj T* -0.0126 Tc -0.6763 Tw (turers also supply spreader bodies constructed of) Tj T* -0.009 Tc -0.7348 Tw (fiberglass. These bodies are lighter and thus pro-) Tj T* -0.0152 Tc 0.1264 Tw (vide increased payload possibilities, but are also) Tj T* -0.0241 Tc -0.7047 Tw (more expensive than steel.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.024 Tc 0.0323 Tw (Electrical wiring for controls and lighting, and hy-) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.0026 Tc 0.3085 Tw (draulic components must be enclosed in vapour) Tj T* 0.0111 Tc -0.3799 Tw (proof, or sealed systems.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0909 Tc -0.698 Tw (Neoprene spinners are frequently used to improve) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0287 Tc -0.7401 Tw (durability and spreading efficienc) Tj -0.9944 Tc 0 Tw (y.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F0 9.96 Tf -0.0039 Tc 0.235 Tw (Spread Patterns) Tj 0 -12 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0032 Tc 0.0629 Tw (Salt and sand application methods can be modi-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.053 Tc -0.6759 Tw (fied to meet differing requirements.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0118 Tc 0.2944 Tw (Salt use sometimes can be reduced by applying) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0223 Tc -0.6666 Tw (the salt in concentrated locations \(e.g. windrowed) Tj T* -0.0013 Tc -0.6076 Tw (on the crown\), rather than being spread uniformly) Tj T* 0.0097 Tc -0.6785 Tw (or broadcast across the entire road surface.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.0019 Tc 0.3192 Tw (In most cases solid or pre-wetted salt should be) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0208 Tc -0.5881 Tw (applied in a continuous narrow windrow along the) Tj T* 0.0091 Tc -0.573 Tw (centerline of the road. The concentrated mass of) Tj T* -0.0311 Tc -0.6635 Tw (material minimizes the tendency of the material to) Tj T* -0.0216 Tc -0.6807 Tw (bounce or be blown off the road by passing traffic.) Tj T* -0.011 Tc 0.1393 Tw (Salt going into solution drains down the crossfall) Tj T* -0.0692 Tc -0.6997 Tw (of the road, and can migrate under packed ice and) Tj T* 0.0093 Tc -0.0049 Tw (snow; a uniform section of road is then bared off) Tj T* -0.0637 Tc -0.6919 Tw (initially along the centre of the road to provide two-) Tj T* -0.0067 Tc -0.5622 Tw (wheel stability for traffic.) Tj 237 618 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0543 Tc -0.6575 Tw (Application in a windrow is achieved without using) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0785 Tc -0.6504 Tw (the spinne) Tj -0.6767 Tc 0 Tw (r) Tj -0.0634 Tc -0.7169 Tw (, by dropping the material from a chute.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.5578 Tc (W) Tj -0.0159 Tc 0.427 Tw (indrowing on the centreline will not work if the) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.3047 Tc 1.3964 Tw (crown of the road is not consistently on the) Tj T* -0.1342 Tc -0.6804 Tw (centerline, or the road surface is badly deteriorated) Tj T* 0.0021 Tc -0.1843 Tw (which could cause the salt brine to pond in some) Tj T* -0.1131 Tc 0 Tw (areas.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.013 Tc -0.493 Tw (Centreline application is not appropriate if the en-) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.0024 Tc -0.2685 Tw (tire road surface is slippery and immediate de-ic-) Tj T* -0.0082 Tc 1.3493 Tw (ing is required. In these situations, higher salt) Tj T* -0.0695 Tc -0.7044 Tw (application rates may need to be spread across all) Tj T* -0.022 Tc -0.7069 Tw (traffic lanes.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0297 Tc -0.682 Tw (Application ahead of the drive wheels can provide) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0054 Tc 0.888 Tw (improved traction under the drive wheels of the) Tj T* -0.0175 Tc -0.6942 Tw (spreader vehicle. Application close to the driver\222s) Tj T* -0.0431 Tc -0.6558 Tw (cab also enables the driver to monitor the applica-) Tj T* 0.0062 Tc -0.2684 Tw (tion to ensure that material flow has not been im-) Tj T* -0.2363 Tc 0 Tw (peded.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.1547 Tc -0.7341 Tw (One argument in support of rear-discharge spread-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0152 Tc 0.6064 Tw (ers is that the drive wheels should not have en-) Tj T* -0.0027 Tc 0.0839 Tw (hanced friction if the steering wheels do not also) Tj T* -0.1814 Tc -0.7361 Tw (have the benefit of improved friction. Otherwise, the) Tj T* -0.0131 Tc 0.3509 Tw (driver may not be able to control the steering as) Tj T* -0.0184 Tc -0.2605 Tw (the front wheels slide while the drive wheels con-) Tj T* -0.0059 Tc 0.337 Tw (tinue to push forward. This is not normally an) Tj T* -0.0484 Tc -0.7204 Tw (issue on bare-pavement policy roads unless there) Tj T* -0.0031 Tc -0.6297 Tw (are significant grades in the area.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0972 Tc -0.7002 Tw (Spreaders designed with discharge at the rear can) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.015 Tc -0.4739 Tw (allow for a slide-in capability that can be mounted) Tj T* 0.0087 Tc -0.4976 Tw (and dismounted quickl) Tj -0.9944 Tc 0 Tw (y.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.0124 Tc -0.5463 Tw (Discharge at the center-rear of the vehicle is sim-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0131 Tc -0.6758 Tw (ple but may restrict the vehicle to treating the lane) Tj T* -0.047 Tc -0.699 Tw (in which the vehicle operates; some designs allow) Tj T* -0 Tc -0.1949 Tw (for the spinner \223throw\224 to place the material at an) Tj T* -0.0615 Tc -0.7074 Tw (offset from the vehicle.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F0 9.96 Tf -0.0121 Tc 0.3632 Tw (Spreader ) Tj -0.1409 Tc 0 Tw (Types) Tj 0 -12 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0828 Tc -0.6861 Tw (Manufacturers provide different spreader types to meet) Tj T* -0.0763 Tc -0.704 Tw (various requirements. The various designs have differ-) Tj T* 0.0038 Tc 1.3759 Tw (ent characteristics that must be considered when ) Tj 1.4222 Tc 0 Tw (a) Tj T* -0.035 Tc -0.7238 Tw (spreader is selected for a particular application. These) Tj T* 0 Tc -0.3453 Tw (include hopper spreaders, tailgate spreaders, reverse) Tj T* 0.0017 Tc -0.7305 Tw (dumping spreaders, and some new variations of these) Tj T* 0.1111 Tc 0 Tw (types.) Tj 0 -21 TD /F0 9.96 Tf -0.0036 Tc -0.0053 Tw (Hopper Spreaders) Tj 0 -12 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.2063 Tc -0.7385 Tw (Hopper spreaders have provided optimum perform-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0238 Tc -0.1531 Tw (ance and durability in the past.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.0029 Tc 0.8082 Tw (These spreaders are usually installed on trucks) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0098 Tc 0.7895 Tw (during the winter and removed and replaced by) Tj ET endstream endobj 50 0 obj 18529 endobj 48 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 36 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F3 14 0 R /F4 16 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 49 0 R >> endobj 52 0 obj << /Length 53 0 R >> stream BT 60 748.08 TD 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg /F0 9.96 Tf -0.0624 Tc -0.6665 Tw (Syntheses of Best Practices) Tj 361.44 0 TD -0.1556 Tc -0.6933 Tw (9.0 WINTER MAINTENANCE) Tj -361.44 -12 TD 0.0199 Tc 0.8712 Tw (Road Salt Management) Tj 339 0 TD -0.2283 Tc -0.6805 Tw (EQUIPMENT AND TECHNOLOGY) Tj ET 0 0 0 rg 60 59.16 492 0.96 re f BT 475.44 46.08 TD 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg -0.0049 Tc 0.2361 Tw (September 2003) Tj ET q 57.6 0 0 -2.28 60 54.12 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 19 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -2.88 60 51.96 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ????|<<|~~ ? ??? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -2.88 60 49.2 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID x|>?????~??????????? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -1.2 60 46.44 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 10 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ?`p EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -2.88 60 45.36 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID >???<?<???? ? ???? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -2.88 60 42.6 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ???????? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -1.56 60 39.84 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 13 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ?? EI Q BT 302.88 46.08 TD -0.0178 Tc 0 Tw (12) Tj ET 0 0 0 rg 60 725.16 492 0.96 re f BT 81 700.08 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.0067 Tc -0.4613 Tw (standard dump bodies or other equipment for the) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.024 Tc -0.6728 Tw (summer \(e.g. water tanks, concrete mixers, etc.\).) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0086 Tc 0.1398 Tw (The design incorporates steeply sloping sides to) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0352 Tc -0.6937 Tw (eliminate material hanging up.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0107 Tc 0.3485 Tw (A conveyor chain, belt or auger is used to move) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0148 Tc -0.0113 Tw (the material to the discharge location. Conveyor) Tj T* -0.1391 Tc -0.6831 Tw (chains have proven over the years to be more trou-) Tj T* 0 Tc -0.1294 Tw (ble free than belts, and both are more accurately) Tj T* -0.035 Tc -0.6939 Tw (calibrated than augers.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.1315 Tc -0.6574 Tw (Augers have shown very high wear and poor accu-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0091 Tc -0.2398 Tw (racy in material control.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.1041 Tc -0.6848 Tw (The application rate of the material being spread is) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0658 Tc -0.7081 Tw (controlled by adjusting both the speed of the chain) Tj T* -0.0948 Tc -0.6741 Tw (used to convey the material to the chute or spinner) Tj T* -0.018 Tc -0.4309 Tw (and the gate opening on the bod) Tj -0.9944 Tc 0 Tw (y.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0145 Tc -0.2194 Tw (A constant source of power to drive the hydraulic) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.1807 Tc -0.6682 Tw (pump was once provided by an integral small gaso-) Tj T* -0.0585 Tc -0.6813 Tw (line or diesel engine. Though a few are still in use,) Tj T* 0.0761 Tc 1.375 Tw (these engines are problematic and a constant) Tj T* 0 Tc 1.191 Tw (source of downtime and maintenance. Reliable) Tj T* -0.0716 Tc -0.6916 Tw (hydraulic pumps, driven from the truck engine, are) Tj T* -0.0542 Tc -0.7947 Tw (now common.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.1113 Tc -0.6895 Tw (Conventional hopper spreaders provide good con-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0084 Tc 0.1196 Tw (trol of material application and dependable serv-) Tj T* -0.0593 Tc -0.6696 Tw (ice. Howeve) Tj -0.0572 Tc -0.6717 Tw (r, they are the least versatile for other) Tj T* -0.0806 Tc -0.6883 Tw (operations during the off-season.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.0466 Tc 1.3845 Tw (New hopper designs, including rear-discharge,) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0188 Tc 0.5927 Tw (slide-in units with a longitudinal agitator bar and) Tj T* -0.1446 Tc -0.6443 Tw (belt conveyor are gaining popularit) Tj -1.14 Tc 0 Tw (y) Tj -0.1362 Tc -0.6527 Tw (, particularly for) Tj T* -0.0699 Tc -0.7789 Tw (pre-wetted applications.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F0 9.96 Tf -0.0396 Tc 1.5907 Tw (Tailgate Spreaders) Tj 0 -12 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0226 Tc 0.4637 Tw (Tailgate spreader units mount on the rear of the) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.005 Tc -0.0839 Tw (truck dump box and are filled by raising the body) Tj T* -0.0563 Tc -0.6726 Tw (and dumping salt into the integral hoppe) Tj -0.0783 Tc -0.6506 Tw (r. The salt) Tj T* -0.0612 Tc -0.6349 Tw (is then conveyed to the centre line of the road by ) Tj -0.7378 Tc 0 Tw (a) Tj T* -0.1293 Tc -0.6836 Tw (chain or auger and applied to the road in a windrow) Tj T* -0.0202 Tc -0.6787 Tw (or spread over the lane surface using a spinne) Tj -0.5828 Tc 0 Tw (r.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0386 Tc -0.7245 Tw (These spreaders are considered a simple and de-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0354 Tc -0.6592 Tw (pendable unit. They are used extensively in areas) Tj T* -0.041 Tc -0.7329 Tw (where storms are less frequent and the trucks can) Tj T* -0.0085 Tc -0.7204 Tw (be used for other purposes, or as backup units for) Tj T* -0.1235 Tc -0.7253 Tw (hopper spreaders.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.1725 Tc -0.6764 Tw (Their primary limitation is the inconvenience of rais-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0169 Tc 0.0613 Tw (ing the dump box and the possibility that the box) Tj T* -0.0137 Tc -0.6886 Tw (will not be raised high enough to ensure that suffi-) Tj T* -0.0028 Tc -0.2761 Tw (cient material is dumped in the hopper to provide) Tj T* -0.0219 Tc -0.707 Tw (consistent deliver) Tj -0.9944 Tc 0 Tw (y.) Tj 237 612 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.0012 Tc 0.1956 Tw (The rear discharge restricts the operator view of) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0169 Tc -0.067 Tw (the operation and ability to ensure that the mate-) Tj T* -0.011 Tc -0.2893 Tw (rial is being discharged at the right location.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0039 Tc 0.1665 Tw (The vertical clearance and the upward and rear-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.013 Tc -0.2359 Tw (ward shift of the centre of gravity when the box is) Tj T* -0.0174 Tc 0.6985 Tw (raised can cause instability and is a safety con-) Tj T* 0.0255 Tc -0.5144 Tw (cern in some areas.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0053 Tc -0.0862 Tw (Reverse Dumping or Dual Dump Spreaders) Tj 0 -12 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.3052 Tc -0.7037 Tw (These spreaders were developed to overcome prob-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.1009 Tc -0.6794 Tw (lems identified for tailgate spreaders while still pro-) Tj T* -0.1207 Tc -0.6768 Tw (viding a multi-purpose spreader that could be used) Tj T* -0.0809 Tc -0.768 Tw (year round.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.1911 Tc -0.6921 Tw (They function as regular rear dumping bodies when) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0515 Tc -0.7116 Tw (not being used to apply winter maintenance mate-) Tj T* 0.0157 Tc 0 Tw (rials.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0877 Tc -0.7162 Tw (The pivot pins can be repositioned so the standard) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0013 Tc 0.8684 Tw (hoist can be used to raise the rear of the bod) Tj -0.9944 Tc 0 Tw (y.) Tj T* -0.0065 Tc -0.6691 Tw (This moves the salt or sand to the chain conveyor) Tj T* -0.0024 Tc -0.3905 Tw (at the front of the body that moves the material to) Tj T* -0.0085 Tc -0.6004 Tw (the distribution point ahead of the rear wheels.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0455 Tc -0.6834 Tw (These spreaders have the advantage of providing) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.1067 Tc -0.6372 Tw (year round service and can be switched from haul-) Tj T* 0.004 Tc -0.6368 Tw (ing construction materials to winter maintenance) Tj T* 0.0015 Tc -0.6704 Tw (use with no adjustments required.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.1309 Tc -0.6837 Tw (Disadvantages of this spreader are the high weight) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0985 Tc -0.7237 Tw (compared to a regular dump truck, and the need to) Tj T* -0.1021 Tc -0.6668 Tw (raise the body while driving to move the material to) Tj T* 0.0175 Tc 1.1069 Tw (the front of the truck. This reduces the truck\222s) Tj T* -0.0214 Tc 1.1525 Tw (stability and care is required by the operator to) Tj T* 0.0116 Tc 1.1795 Tw (ensure that sufficient material covers the cross) Tj T* -0.0942 Tc -0.6797 Tw (conveyor at the front to maintain a precise applica-) Tj T* -0.0248 Tc -0.7041 Tw (tion rate. The pivots have been a source of failure) Tj T* -0.0359 Tc -0.733 Tw (and replacement is expensive.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0445 Tc -0.6977 Tw (A variation of the reversing dump body is the side-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0143 Tc -0.3545 Tw (tipping floo) Tj -0.0114 Tc -0.3125 Tw (r. The floor and passenger side of the) Tj T* -0.0023 Tc -0.5106 Tw (box are raised to move sand or salt to the driver\222s) Tj T* -0.0161 Tc 1.2587 Tw (side of the truck where a longitudinal conveyor) Tj T* -0.0484 Tc -0.7045 Tw (moves the material to the front of the box for distri-) Tj T* -0.1477 Tc -0.7012 Tw (bution ahead of the rear wheels. This arrangement) Tj T* -0.0613 Tc -0.7076 Tw (eliminates the strong weight shift to the front of the) Tj T* -0.0747 Tc -0.6542 Tw (vehicle and the material is distributed ahead of the) Tj T* -0.0657 Tc -0.6803 Tw (rear wheels where the operator can easily monitor) Tj T* -0.0503 Tc -0.6786 Tw (the application. The complexity involved in ensur-) Tj T* -0.0079 Tc 0.023 Tw (ing that the box is tipped far enough to cover the) Tj T* -0.1158 Tc -0.6817 Tw (conveyor is a disadvantage. Some problems have) Tj T* -0.0255 Tc 0.5866 Tw (been encountered with body integrit) Tj -1.02 Tc 0 Tw (y) Tj -0.002 Tc 0.5531 Tw (, as the full) Tj T* 0.0033 Tc 0.0178 Tw (support of the contractors dump box is not avail-) Tj ET endstream endobj 53 0 obj 18449 endobj 51 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 36 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F3 14 0 R /F4 16 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 52 0 R >> endobj 56 0 obj << /Length 57 0 R >> stream BT 60 748.08 TD 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg /F0 9.96 Tf -0.1556 Tc -0.6933 Tw (9.0 WINTER MAINTENANCE) Tj 359.28 0 TD -0.0624 Tc -0.6665 Tw (Syntheses of Best Practices) Tj -359.28 -12 TD -0.2283 Tc -0.6805 Tw (EQUIPMENT AND TECHNOLOGY) Tj 377.28 0 TD 0.0199 Tc 0.8712 Tw (Road Salt Management) Tj ET 0 0 0 rg 60 725.16 492 0.96 re f 60 59.16 492 0.96 re f BT 60 46.08 TD 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg -0.0049 Tc 0.2361 Tw (September 2003) Tj ET q 57.6 0 0 -2.28 494.4 54.12 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 19 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -2.88 494.4 51.96 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ????|<<|~~ ? ??? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -2.88 494.4 49.2 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID x|>?????~??????????? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -1.2 494.4 46.44 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 10 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ?`p EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -2.88 494.4 45.36 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID >???<?<???? ? ???? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -2.88 494.4 42.6 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ???????? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -1.56 494.4 39.84 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 13 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ?? EI Q BT 301.92 46.08 TD -0.0178 Tc 0 Tw (13) Tj -220.92 654 TD 0 0 0 rg /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0157 Tc -0.1132 Tw (able. The vehicle is also more heavily loaded on) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.2181 Tc -0.6757 Tw (the driver\222s side and braking on slippery roads could) Tj T* -0.0947 Tc -0.7541 Tw (be affected.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F0 9.96 Tf -0 Tc -0.7287 Tw (Multipurpose Spreaders) Tj 0 -12 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0676 Tc -0.6612 Tw (Multipurpose spreaders incorporate most benefits) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.017 Tc -0.7118 Tw (of the other spreaders.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0192 Tc -0.4354 Tw (They use a longitudinal conveyor to transport salt) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.0112 Tc -0.4467 Tw (or sand to the front of a large modern contractors) Tj T* 0.0082 Tc -0.7371 Tw (dump box.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.0131 Tc -0.3286 Tw (A recent design makes use of a U-shaped box to) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0038 Tc 0.2482 Tw (ensure that no material hangs up in the box and) Tj T* -0 Tc 0.4713 Tw (that all material can be easily removed from the) Tj T* 0.0015 Tc -0.2304 Tw (box at the end of the shift.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.069 Tc -0.7048 Tw (A lateral conveyor at the front transports the mate-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0105 Tc -0.2711 Tw (rial to the left or right side of the body for distribu-) Tj T* -0.0051 Tc -0.6757 Tw (tion ahead of the rear wheels.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0143 Tc -0.6846 Tw (The material is either discharged in a windrow us-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0984 Tc -0.7205 Tw (ing a chute for concentrated action, or spun across) Tj T* -0.0019 Tc -0.4869 Tw (the lane using spinners.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.241 Tc -0.6879 Tw (The spreader provides precise application rates and) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0935 Tc -0.7021 Tw (all the advantages of distribution in front of the rear) Tj T* -0.1092 Tc 0 Tw (wheels.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0079 Tc -0.6009 Tw (The cross conveyors are easily removable during) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.0015 Tc 0.4563 Tw (the summer so that there is no tare weight pen-) Tj T* 0.1741 Tc 0 Tw (alt) Tj -0.7544 Tc (y.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0193 Tc 0.1133 Tw (The units are lightweight and provide year round) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0261 Tc 0 Tw (use.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0266 Tc -0.1473 Tw (The body can be easily switched to carrying con-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0139 Tc 0.6222 Tw (struction materials \(simply by installing a pan or) Tj T* -0.013 Tc -0.6858 Tw (tray across the floor conveyor\).) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.0019 Tc 0.7778 Tw (These units can carry substantial loads so care) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.007 Tc -0.0844 Tw (must be exercised to ensure that adequate truck) Tj T* -0.1873 Tc -0.6416 Tw (components, axles, springs, and wheels, are speci-) Tj T* -0.0591 Tc -0.6965 Tw (fied to carry the load. This is particularly important) Tj T* -0.0108 Tc 0.0533 Tw (on combination units that are also equipped with) Tj T* -0.0113 Tc -0.7176 Tw (snow plows.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0034 Tc 0.1077 Tw (Rearward Casting Spreaders \(e.g. Zero ) Tj -0.1059 Tc 0 Tw (Velocity\)) Tj 0 -12 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.5578 Tc (W) Tj 0.0023 Tc -0.1141 Tw (ith normal spreaders, a high percentage of the) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0096 Tc 0.2807 Tw (dry salt applied to the road bounces off the road) Tj T* 0.0035 Tc -0.1724 Tw (due to the combination of the impact of the gran-) Tj T* -0.0063 Tc 0.7775 Tw (ules hitting the pavement, and the speed of the) Tj T* -0.1329 Tc -0.716 Tw (spreading vehicle.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0152 Tc 0.1263 Tw (Most road authorities now theoretically constrain) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0136 Tc -0.6253 Tw (their spreading speed to avoid wasting salt due to) Tj T* 0.0093 Tc 1.0468 Tw (the scatter effect at higher speeds. In practice) Tj T* -0.1204 Tc 0 Tw (howeve) Tj -0.0876 Tc -0.7213 Tw (r, speeds of 40 km/hr and more are not un-) Tj 258 612 TD -0.1097 Tc -0.6858 Tw (common. If salt could be applied at higher speeds,) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0958 Tc -0.6731 Tw (combination units would be much more productive) Tj T* -0.0153 Tc 1.4014 Tw (as the unit could apply salt at plowing speeds.) Tj T* -0.1438 Tc -0.6879 Tw (This would allow for safer operating condition since) Tj T* 0.022 Tc -0.5795 Tw (trucks could move at the speed of traffic.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0425 Tc -0.7064 Tw (Casting material rearward has shown potential for) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.042 Tc -0.6869 Tw (salt use reduction by increasing the percentage of) Tj T* -0.0229 Tc -0.67 Tw (applied salt that is retained on the road, and in the) Tj T* -0.029 Tc -0.6699 Tw (required location on the road.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0082 Tc 0.0926 Tw (This is a concept by which the salt is discharged) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.1192 Tc -0.6996 Tw (rearward at exactly the same speed as the spread-) Tj T* -0.0147 Tc 0.1108 Tw (ing vehicle is traveling forward. The two velocity) Tj T* -0.02 Tc -0.6746 Tw (components cancel each other causing the salt to) Tj T* -0.0113 Tc 0.2158 Tw (drop on the road as if the spreading vehicle was) Tj T* -0.0143 Tc 0.3654 Tw (standing still.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0988 Tc -0.6541 Tw (To-date, the available equipment has experienced) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.0096 Tc -0.7185 Tw (some operational problems such as material cak-) Tj T* -0 Tc -0.4886 Tw (ing, uneven discharge and mechanical complica-) Tj T* -0.0405 Tc -0.6884 Tw (tions \(fan/blower\) under certain conditions.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.018 Tc -0.5468 Tw (One manufacturer makes use of a shielded-spin-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.1925 Tc -0.7164 Tw (ner at the mid-chassis discharge location, discharg-) Tj T* -0.0211 Tc 1.2362 Tw (ing at a point just beyond the width of the rear) Tj T* -0.0464 Tc -0.7224 Tw (wheels where the material is \223flung\224 rearward.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.1485 Tc -0.7004 Tw (Another manufacturer used a high-speed blower to) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0744 Tc -0.6945 Tw (discharge the salt rearward. This results in a large) Tj T* 0 Tc 0.0628 Tw (cloud of salt that can be hard to control and may) Tj T* -0.0093 Tc -0.4196 Tw (be affected by side winds.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0187 Tc 0.267 Tw (Also, the spreader units may not suitably handle) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0386 Tc -0.6602 Tw (pre-wetted material or finer sands.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.1872 Tc -0.6767 Tw (Though useful for salt applications, there is no good) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0111 Tc -0.4177 Tw (way to spread sand with these spreaders.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0149 Tc -0.5597 Tw (Modifications are being developed and it is antici-) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.038 Tc 1.4331 Tw (pated that further refinements will enable road) Tj T* -0.157 Tc -0.6919 Tw (authorities to reduce application rates and increase) Tj T* -0.0056 Tc -0.2433 Tw (application speeds using this concept.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F0 9.96 Tf -0.0062 Tc -0.1227 Tw (Rear-discharge Spreaders) Tj 0 -12 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.003 Tc -0.2759 Tw (Based on the premise that no salt particle should) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0087 Tc -0.4001 Tw (be placed dry onto the road surface, and that fine) Tj T* -0.0962 Tc -0.7076 Tw (salt is the gradation of choice for prompt dissolving) Tj T* 0.0037 Tc -0.6125 Tw (and melting, certain spreader design characteris-) Tj T* -0.007 Tc 0.1781 Tw (tics cater better to liquid and fine salt use in pre-) Tj T* -0.0179 Tc -0.711 Tw (wetted applications.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0848 Tc -0.6941 Tw (The salt must be of a fine gradation in order for it to) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.1043 Tc -0.6845 Tw (retain the brine moisture content and fine salt does) Tj T* -0.0684 Tc -0.6433 Tw (not travel as easily on certain chain-type conveyor) Tj T* 0.1885 Tc 0 Tw (systems.) Tj ET endstream endobj 57 0 obj 18138 endobj 54 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 55 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F3 14 0 R /F4 16 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 56 0 R >> endobj 59 0 obj << /Length 60 0 R >> stream BT 60 748.08 TD 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg /F0 9.96 Tf -0.0624 Tc -0.6665 Tw (Syntheses of Best Practices) Tj 361.44 0 TD -0.1556 Tc -0.6933 Tw (9.0 WINTER MAINTENANCE) Tj -361.44 -12 TD 0.0199 Tc 0.8712 Tw (Road Salt Management) Tj 339 0 TD -0.2283 Tc -0.6805 Tw (EQUIPMENT AND TECHNOLOGY) Tj ET 0 0 0 rg 60 59.16 492 0.96 re f BT 475.44 46.08 TD 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg -0.0049 Tc 0.2361 Tw (September 2003) Tj ET q 57.6 0 0 -2.28 60 54.12 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 19 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -2.88 60 51.96 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ????|<<|~~ ? ??? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -2.88 60 49.2 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID x|>?????~??????????? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -1.2 60 46.44 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 10 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ?`p EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -2.88 60 45.36 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID >???<?<???? ? ???? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -2.88 60 42.6 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ???????? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -1.56 60 39.84 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 13 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ?? EI Q BT 302.88 46.08 TD -0.0178 Tc 0 Tw (14) Tj ET 0 0 0 rg 60 725.16 492 0.96 re f BT 60 700.08 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0 Tc -0.5096 Tw (Increased liquid use can have detrimental effects) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0928 Tc -0.6704 Tw (on equipment when the discharge location is other) Tj T* -0.0104 Tc -0.4384 Tw (than at the rea) Tj -0.5828 Tc 0 Tw (r.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.005 Tc -0.3638 Tw (These spreaders allow a \223high-ratio\224 salt applica-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0134 Tc -0.3055 Tw (tion rates up to 255 litres per tonne of salt, or at a) Tj T* -0.1834 Tc -0.6655 Tw (ratio of 30:70 liquid-to-solid by weight. This requires) Tj T* -0.0184 Tc 0.5752 Tw (a large capacity of liquid onboard and adequate) Tj T* -0.0212 Tc 0.0295 Tw (pumping capability which may not be possible or) Tj T* -0.0249 Tc -0.704 Tw (practical on a conventional retro-fitted unit.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.1706 Tc -0.6782 Tw (They are either frame-mounted or slide-in, rear-dis-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0574 Tc -0.6515 Tw (charge v-hoppers can stand on self-contained stilt) Tj T* -0.0067 Tc -0.0536 Tw (legs in the maintenance yard, and remain tarped) Tj T* -0.0618 Tc -0.667 Tw (until needed.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0194 Tc -0.6066 Tw (In one design, an internal longitudinal agitator bar) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.0223 Tc -0.6012 Tw (meters salt from the hoppe) Tj -0.0534 Tc -0.5554 Tw (r, while breaking down) Tj T* -0.1569 Tc -0.692 Tw (chunks in the load, onto a belt conveyor that moves) Tj T* -0 Tc -0.7042 Tw (the material to the rear-discharge location.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0216 Tc 0.287 Tw (Calibration by weight can be done accurately off) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0081 Tc -0.5407 Tw (the rear belt.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0248 Tc 0.7873 Tw (Pre-wetting liquid can be applied directly on the) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0104 Tc 0 Tw (spinne) Tj -0.0184 Tc 0.9695 Tw (r, that is designed to spread the material) Tj T* 0.0063 Tc -0.4951 Tw (across a given area of the road cross section.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0975 Tc -0.6828 Tw (Though some units are considered to be well-built,) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0086 Tc -0.6962 Tw (they cost more than conventional spreaders.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0152 Tc -0.6837 Tw (One consideration is that areas that only have ac-) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.0109 Tc -0.0464 Tw (cess to coarser salt may find that the liquid com-) Tj T* 0.0027 Tc 0.0398 Tw (ponent must be reduced since saturation can be) Tj T* -0.0214 Tc -0.5874 Tw (achieved with less liquid.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.0042 Tc 0.3109 Tw (One model has a spray bar at the rear for direct) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0209 Tc 0.792 Tw (liquid runs as well as pre-wetted or dry applica-) Tj T* 0.0526 Tc 0 Tw (tions.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.1243 Tc -0.6845 Tw (Another model can perform liquid only applications) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0077 Tc -0.5412 Tw (from the spinner without a spray ba) Tj -0.5828 Tc 0 Tw (r.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.1689 Tc -0.6457 Tw (Overall spreader designs are evolving and are wor-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0236 Tc -0.6253 Tw (thy of continual investigation.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F0 9.96 Tf -0.0015 Tc -0.6074 Tw (Electronic Spreader Controls) Tj 0 -12 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.002 Tc -0.2069 Tw (All spreaders require an accurate electronic con-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0104 Tc 0.8015 Tw (troller to ensure that the appropriate application) Tj T* -0.0414 Tc -0.6275 Tw (rate is achieved.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.148 Tc -0.718 Tw (Simple hydraulic circuits, used to maintain a steady) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0157 Tc 0.2469 Tw (application rate, are still in use in many road au-) Tj T* 0.0027 Tc -0.6716 Tw (thorities. This equipment starts to exceed the de-) Tj T* 0.0024 Tc -0.1013 Tw (sired application rate as soon as the truck speed) Tj T* -0.0078 Tc 0.1875 Tw (drops below the design speed and an excessive) Tj T* -0.0066 Tc -0.3794 Tw (salt application is then dumped on the road.) Tj 237 600 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0501 Tc -0.6788 Tw (Early models of the electronic controllers were not) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.05 Tc -0.7089 Tw (dependable and required extensive maintenance.) Tj T* -0.0301 Tc -0.7138 Tw (The new models are improved but can still require) Tj T* -0.0069 Tc -0.722 Tw (some patience.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.0406 Tc 1.3305 Tw (Modern spreaders use electronic groundspeed) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.0013 Tc -0.3702 Tw (spreader controls to provide consistent, accurate) Tj T* 0.0081 Tc 0.4802 Tw (application rates. The truck speed is monitored) Tj T* -0.3168 Tc -0.7378 Tw (from the truck\222s speedometer drive, and the spreader) Tj T* -0.0115 Tc 0.2576 Tw (output is adjusted to maintain a steady output at) Tj T* -0.0012 Tc 0.9124 Tw (the set rate per kilometre. Both open loop and) Tj T* -0.0012 Tc -0.4191 Tw (closed loop systems are available to monitor ma-) Tj T* -0.01 Tc 0.0526 Tw (terial flow and provide increased accuracy of the) Tj T* 0.0023 Tc 0.1489 Tw (spread rate \(closed loop systems provide confir-) Tj T* -0.0021 Tc -0.5348 Tw (mation of the actual application rate\).) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0067 Tc 0.7478 Tw (Electronic controllers automatically increase the) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.0051 Tc 0.3993 Tw (output rate if a second spinner is actuated \(if so) Tj T* -0.11 Tc -0.7046 Tw (equipped\) to treat truck climbing and turning lanes.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.4378 Tc (W) Tj -0.1284 Tc -0.6805 Tw (ith some electronic units, calibration settings can) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0132 Tc -0.6917 Tw (be applied electronically using infrared controls.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.2078 Tc -0.7268 Tw (Information that is captured and logged can include:) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0106 Tc 0.8246 Tw (amount and type of material applied, gate posi-) Tj T* 0.0011 Tc 0.43 Tw (tion, run time, blast information, average speed,) Tj T* 0.0021 Tc 0.109 Tw (spread width/symmetr) Tj -1.02 Tc 0 Tw (y) Tj 0.0011 Tc 0.11 Tw (, etc..) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0019 Tc -0.467 Tw (Manufacturers can now provide units that record,) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.0061 Tc 0.1736 Tw (for printing, information about the amount of salt) Tj T* -0.0026 Tc 1.1037 Tw (used, the time it was used, and the associated) Tj T* -0.0201 Tc 1.2283 Tw (application rate, for analysis and control by the) Tj T* -0.0289 Tc -0.7 Tw (road authorit) Tj -0.9944 Tc 0 Tw (y.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0713 Tc -0.6919 Tw (Units are also available that incorporate global po-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0249 Tc -0.664 Tw (sitioning systems \(GPS\) for automated vehicle lo-) Tj T* -0.0871 Tc -0.7617 Tw (cation \() Tj -0.1407 Tc -0.6396 Tw (AVL\) and to identify where the material was) Tj T* -0.0221 Tc -0.6868 Tw (discharged \(either generating a passive history or) Tj T* -0.0199 Tc -0.6489 Tw (a live transmission\).) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.008 Tc 0.2542 Tw (One caution is that there is no industry standard) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.0061 Tc 0 Tw (format in place for this information reporting; it is) Tj T* 0.0132 Tc 0.0579 Tw (difficult to compare and combine the information) Tj T* -0.0589 Tc -0.7215 Tw (from the units supplied by the various manufactur-) Tj T* 0.0192 Tc 0 Tw (ers.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0014 Tc -0.1274 Tw (Controllers may or may not be required for direct) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.0246 Tc 1.4065 Tw (liquid applications; volume-distance distribution) Tj T* 0.0133 Tc -0.5261 Tw (rates may suffice for certain jurisdictions.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.049 Tc 0 Tw (Calibration) Tj 0 -12 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.1563 Tc -0.7268 Tw (Regardless of the spreader chosen, the service provider) Tj T* -0 Tc 0.7566 Tw (must have faith that the application rate settings are) Tj T* -0.0172 Tc -0.4716 Tw (indeed accurate. A calibration policy should be estab-) Tj T* -0.0249 Tc -0.704 Tw (lished to assure the material settings are correct. Pref-) Tj T* -0.1082 Tc 0 Tw (erabl) Tj -1.14 Tc (y) Tj -0.1281 Tc -0.6908 Tw (, if application is by weight, then calibration should) Tj T* -0.0124 Tc -0.0715 Tw (also be by weight. Calibration checks or recalibration) Tj ET endstream endobj 60 0 obj 18488 endobj 58 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 55 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F3 14 0 R /F4 16 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 59 0 R >> endobj 62 0 obj << /Length 63 0 R >> stream BT 60 748.08 TD 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg /F0 9.96 Tf -0.1556 Tc -0.6933 Tw (9.0 WINTER MAINTENANCE) Tj 359.28 0 TD -0.0624 Tc -0.6665 Tw (Syntheses of Best Practices) Tj -359.28 -12 TD -0.2283 Tc -0.6805 Tw (EQUIPMENT AND TECHNOLOGY) Tj 377.28 0 TD 0.0199 Tc 0.8712 Tw (Road Salt Management) Tj ET 0 0 0 rg 60 725.16 492 0.96 re f 60 59.16 492 0.96 re f BT 60 46.08 TD 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg -0.0049 Tc 0.2361 Tw (September 2003) Tj ET q 57.6 0 0 -2.28 494.4 54.12 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 19 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -2.88 494.4 51.96 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ????|<<|~~ ? ??? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -2.88 494.4 49.2 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID x|>?????~??????????? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -1.2 494.4 46.44 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 10 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ?`p EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -2.88 494.4 45.36 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID >???<?<???? ? ???? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -2.88 494.4 42.6 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ???????? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -1.56 494.4 39.84 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 13 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ?? EI Q BT 301.92 46.08 TD -0.0178 Tc 0 Tw (15) Tj -241.92 654 TD 0 0 0 rg /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0012 Tc -0.4427 Tw (should take place several times during the season, in-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0903 Tc 0 Tw (cluding:) Tj 21 -21 TD 0.0433 Tc (-) Tj 7.32 0 TD -0.0813 Tc -0.7676 Tw (after repairs;) Tj -7.32 -18 TD 0.0433 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 7.32 0 TD 0.675 Tc 4.3861 Tw (when distribution calculations show ) Tj 5.1422 Tc 0 Tw (a) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0166 Tc -0.6223 Tw (discrepancy between theoretical and actual;) Tj -7.32 -18 TD 0.0433 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 7.32 0 TD 0.0017 Tc -0.1306 Tw (spot-checks on units in the fleet throughout the) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0457 Tc 0 Tw (season.) Tj -28.32 -18.72 TD 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg /F1 11.04 Tf 0.1635 Tc 1.2793 Tw (Operational Support Equipment) Tj 0 -19.44 TD 0 0 0 rg /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0228 Tc -0.5003 Tw (Various types of equipment support the winter mainte-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.1688 Tc -0.6801 Tw (nance program either by helping manage the operations) Tj T* -0.0156 Tc -0.2483 Tw (by generating useful data or by supporting the service) Tj T* -0.0151 Tc -0.0624 Tw (delivery itself. Such equipment includes the following) Tj T* -0.0629 Tc 0 Tw (functions:) Tj 0 -21 TD /F5 9.96 Tf -0.0184 Tc -0.5305 Tw (Material Usage Monitoring) Tj T* /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0175 Tc 0.0036 Tw (Loader Mounted Electronic Weighing Equipment) Tj 0 -12 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0858 Tc -0.673 Tw (Loading extra material onto a spreader can lead to) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.1502 Tc -0.6987 Tw (overloading or the temptation to over apply the salt.) Tj T* -0.0063 Tc -0.0292 Tw (In the past, operators tended to load a little extra) Tj T* 0.0066 Tc -0.5404 Tw (salt as there was no exact method of determining) Tj T* -0.0098 Tc 0.6609 Tw (the amount of material loaded, and they did not) Tj T* -0.1093 Tc -0.6496 Tw (want to run out without completing the route. Over-) Tj T* 0.0009 Tc -0.0298 Tw (loaded trucks also contribute to contamination in) Tj T* -0.0058 Tc -0.5364 Tw (the area of the salt storage facilities. Salt heaped) Tj T* 0.0027 Tc -0.1049 Tw (above the side boards is thrown off the trucks as) Tj T* -0.0195 Tc -0.1494 Tw (they negotiate curves to exit the yards.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.5578 Tc (W) Tj 0.0013 Tc 0.8538 Tw (ith electronic scale control systems operators) Tj 0 -12 TD -0 Tc -0.3382 Tw (can more precisely load the right amount of salt.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.1769 Tc -0.672 Tw (This device is a relatively inexpensive, durable, and) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.2218 Tc -0.6871 Tw (accurate weighing device consisting of a transducer) Tj T* 0.013 Tc -0.4333 Tw (load cell mounted to the loader bucket arm.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0954 Tc -0.6934 Tw (These devices can measure a predetermined load) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0048 Tc -0.6174 Tw (size for the scheduled route \(length of route X ap-) Tj T* -0.0098 Tc 0.3094 Tw (plication rate + a limited contingency amount for) Tj T* 0.0075 Tc -0.0964 Tw (bridge decks, intersections, etc.\).) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.1425 Tc -0.6914 Tw (Models are available that will record with the loader) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.0051 Tc 0.5994 Tw (in motion so that the loader operation is not im-) Tj T* -0.2363 Tc 0 Tw (peded.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.0052 Tc -0.4491 Tw (The units will record the amount loaded for future) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0208 Tc -0.3481 Tw (printing and analysis.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.005 Tc -0.0038 Tw (Though the equipment can be overridden, it pro-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.1623 Tc -0.738 Tw (vides the operators with a mechanism to accurately) Tj T* -0.1546 Tc -0.6943 Tw (measure and control the amount of material loaded) Tj T* -0.0221 Tc -0.6468 Tw (on the spreaders.) Tj 237 593.16 TD /F0 9.96 Tf -0.0549 Tc -0.7939 Tw (Truck Scales) Tj 0 -12 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.0014 Tc 0.3197 Tw (Weighing the trucks as they enter and leave the) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0146 Tc 0.3143 Tw (maintenance yard is one way of determining the) Tj T* -0.004 Tc 0.1494 Tw (material loaded and the resulting spread rate for) Tj T* -0.0467 Tc -0.7422 Tw (the serviced route.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0063 Tc 0.3231 Tw (This function can be automated with a weigh-in-) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.0164 Tc -0.1453 Tw (motion pad that tracks the equipment movement) Tj T* 0.1709 Tc 1.4102 Tw (and can serve to reconcile the data from the) Tj T* -0.0567 Tc -0.6722 Tw (spreader controller and other documentation.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0249 Tc -0.5138 Tw (Liquid Meters) Tj 0 -12 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.005 Tc -0.6189 Tw (Pump meters will likely be used to measure deliv-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.017 Tc -0.3252 Tw (ered brine, but not likely be on each pre-wet unit.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0073 Tc 1.2784 Tw (A meter should be in place at the brine supply) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.1556 Tc 0 Tw (facilit) Tj -1.26 Tc (y) Tj -0.1601 Tc -0.7188 Tw (, whether the source is hauled brine or manu-) Tj T* 0.0051 Tc -0.464 Tw (factured brine, in order to track loading times and) Tj T* -0.0252 Tc 0 Tw (quantities.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.0021 Tc 0.5205 Tw (A cross reference should be incorporated in the) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0249 Tc -0.734 Tw (electronic log to identify the truck loaded for future) Tj T* -0.236 Tc 0 Tw (reference.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F0 9.96 Tf -0.019 Tc 0.1301 Tw (Automated ) Tj -0.0312 Tc 0.2024 Tw (Vehicle Location \() Tj -0.2592 Tc 0 Tw (AVL\)) Tj 0 -12 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.0106 Tc 1.3246 Tw (Tracking equipment movements along with the) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0104 Tc -0.1185 Tw (services provided is possible via proven GPS re-) Tj T* -0.0661 Tc -0.6028 Tw (ceivers/transmitters and software.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.1602 Tc -0.6544 Tw (This electronic record can be actively followed real-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0194 Tc -0.2145 Tw (time or can be passively recorded for later analy-) Tj T* 0.285 Tc 0 Tw (sis.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0225 Tc -0.4149 Tw (AVL can support a route optimization exercise, to) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0316 Tc -0.6802 Tw (rationalize the number of trucks required and thus) Tj T* -0.0046 Tc 0.6091 Tw (the expected salt to be used on the roads serv-) Tj T* -0.0071 Tc 0 Tw (iced.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0918 Tc -0.6771 Tw (This equipment can provide operational support to) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0089 Tc 0.5143 Tw (greatly enhance the monitoring of salt usage, to) Tj T* -0.0028 Tc -0.186 Tw (demonstrate prudent usage and to correlate with) Tj T* -0.0707 Tc -0.6925 Tw (the achievement of the required level of service.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F5 9.96 Tf -0 Tc -0.3285 Tw (Material Loading and Handling) Tj 0 -21 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0 Tc 0.0206 Tw (Bulk Salt Handling by Loaders) Tj 0 -12 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.026 Tc -0.7029 Tw (Extensive environmental contamination has been) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0066 Tc -0.1489 Tw (identified in the area of salt storage yards. Much) Tj T* 0.0092 Tc 0.3762 Tw (of this contamination results from poor salt han-) Tj T* 0.0044 Tc -0.3733 Tw (dling practices.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0527 Tc -0.6933 Tw (Conveyors are available which are designed to al-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0224 Tc -0.4365 Tw (low salt trailers to dump directly into the conveyor) Tj T* 0.0099 Tc -0.7148 Tw (for movement into the storage facilit) Tj -0.9944 Tc 0 Tw (y.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0305 Tc -0.7133 Tw (Loaders used to fill spreader vehicles are often fit-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0669 Tc -0.702 Tw (ted with buckets that are too large for the spreader) Tj T* -0.0019 Tc 0.2031 Tw (hopper bodies. This results in spillage. Though) Tj ET endstream endobj 63 0 obj 17890 endobj 61 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 55 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F1 10 0 R /F3 14 0 R /F4 16 0 R /F5 21 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 62 0 R >> endobj 65 0 obj << /Length 66 0 R >> stream BT 60 748.08 TD 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg /F0 9.96 Tf -0.0624 Tc -0.6665 Tw (Syntheses of Best Practices) Tj 361.44 0 TD -0.1556 Tc -0.6933 Tw (9.0 WINTER MAINTENANCE) Tj -361.44 -12 TD 0.0199 Tc 0.8712 Tw (Road Salt Management) Tj 339 0 TD -0.2283 Tc -0.6805 Tw (EQUIPMENT AND TECHNOLOGY) Tj ET 0 0 0 rg 60 59.16 492 0.96 re f BT 475.44 46.08 TD 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg -0.0049 Tc 0.2361 Tw (September 2003) Tj ET q 57.6 0 0 -2.28 60 54.12 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 19 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -2.88 60 51.96 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ????|<<|~~ ? ??? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -2.88 60 49.2 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID x|>?????~??????????? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -1.2 60 46.44 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 10 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ?`p EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -2.88 60 45.36 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID >???<?<???? ? ???? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -2.88 60 42.6 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ???????? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -1.56 60 39.84 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 13 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ?? EI Q BT 302.88 46.08 TD -0.0178 Tc 0 Tw (16) Tj ET 0 0 0 rg 60 725.16 492 0.96 re f BT 81 700.08 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0021 Tc -0.5383 Tw (they have a slower production rate, smaller buck-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0905 Tc -0.6983 Tw (ets are available for most loaders, or side dumping) Tj T* 0.0033 Tc 0.9678 Tw (bucket attachments can be used which provide) Tj T* 0 Tc -0.6095 Tw (quick precise loading.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0088 Tc -0.4377 Tw (Bulk Material Conveyors) Tj 0 -12 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0143 Tc 1.0054 Tw (Various bulk facilities are in use as follows \(and are) Tj T* -0.003 Tc -0.6779 Tw (further described in the Maintenance ) Tj -0.0989 Tc -0.63 Tw (Yard SoBP\):) Tj 0 -21 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0009 Tc 1.312 Tw (Pre-loaded drop-hopper loaders meter salt into) Tj 0 -12 TD 0 Tc -0.7293 Tw (spreader trucks.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0051 Tc -0.0637 Tw (Overhead silos can be pre-filled with salt to simi-) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.0066 Tc -0.2315 Tw (larly meter salt into spreader trucks.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.2144 Tc -0.6745 Tw (Pneumatic handling equipment can handle fine ma-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0073 Tc -0.4515 Tw (terial that is used for either direct application onto) Tj T* -0.0101 Tc -0.6588 Tw (the road or for blending with sand.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.0165 Tc 1.1404 Tw (Whatever equipment is used for moving salt, it) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0128 Tc 0.4839 Tw (should provide a way of tracking the flow so the) Tj T* -0.0076 Tc -0.4813 Tw (quantities can be reconciled.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0075 Tc 0.7036 Tw (Sand/Salt Blend Mixers) Tj 0 -12 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.1438 Tc -0.705 Tw (Salt is normally blended into stockpiled winter sand) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.134 Tc -0.7148 Tw (for the main purpose of keeping the sand free-flow-) Tj T* -0.011 Tc -0.6112 Tw (ing and to prevent it from freezing in the winte) Tj -0.5828 Tc 0 Tw (r.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0073 Tc -0.1616 Tw (High-ratio mixes are rarely necessary; an excep-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0852 Tc -0.7122 Tw (tion might include anticipated periods of rapid tem-) Tj T* -0.0685 Tc -0.7804 Tw (perature fluctuations.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0874 Tc (Ideall) Tj -1.02 Tc (y) Tj -0.0737 Tc -0.6551 Tw (, blended winter sand stockpile are put up in) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0894 Tc -0.6395 Tw (favourable, dry conditions.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0231 Tc 0.0485 Tw (Relatively dry sand stored indoors should not re-) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.0016 Tc -0.1605 Tw (quire more than 1-2% salt by weight; more mois-) Tj T* -0.0745 Tc -0.7211 Tw (ture in the sand may require more blended salt \(up) Tj T* -0.0023 Tc 0.6054 Tw (to 5%\), but the purpose still is to keep the sand) Tj T* -0 Tc -0.7084 Tw (free-flowing, and not to support melt action.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0387 Tc (Traditionall) Tj -1.02 Tc (y) Tj -0.0087 Tc -0 Tw (, blending took place on the apron to) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.0017 Tc 1.1552 Tw (the storage shed, with several buckets of sand) Tj T* -0.0018 Tc -0.1271 Tw (spread level, followed by one bucket of salt trick-) Tj T* -0.0154 Tc -0.6834 Tw (led on the surface; the resulting blend was loaded) Tj T* -0.0008 Tc -0.4537 Tw (in the dome, and the process was repeated.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0215 Tc 0.2183 Tw (Though highly inefficient, it was also highly inac-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0316 Tc -0.7659 Tw (curate, and produced sporadic result on the pave-) Tj T* -0.0174 Tc -0.8315 Tw (ment surface.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.1737 Tc -0.6752 Tw (Equipment to support high-production stacking and) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0012 Tc -0.3676 Tw (uniform, light blends now involves a form of dual-) Tj T* -0.0172 Tc 0.435 Tw (auger pugmill or a twin conveyor feed. In either) Tj T* -0.0153 Tc -0.6835 Tw (case, two supply lines are metered to an accurate) Tj T* -0.0019 Tc -0.4012 Tw (ratio and the final conveyor stacks the completed) Tj T* -0.0172 Tc 0 Tw (mixture.) Tj 237 603 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0016 Tc -0.0705 Tw (Brine Supply Equipment) Tj 0 -12 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.1471 Tc -0.7018 Tw (The following two sections discuss aspects of brine) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0144 Tc 0.1856 Tw (production and deliver) Tj -1.02 Tc 0 Tw (y) Tj 0.0022 Tc 0.1569 Tw (. Further issues on brine) Tj T* -0.0209 Tc -0.663 Tw (supply and liquid storage are contained in the De-) Tj T* -0.0069 Tc 0.618 Tw (sign and Operation of Road Maintenance ) Tj -0.1871 Tc 0 Tw (Yards) Tj T* 0.0282 Tc (SOB) Tj -1.2261 Tc (P.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0096 Tc -0.4985 Tw (Brine Production Equipment) Tj 0 -12 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.015 Tc -0.4079 Tw (Several manufacturers offer equipment to manu-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0049 Tc -0.6897 Tw (facture salt brine for pre-wetting and liquid anti-ic-) Tj T* -0.0078 Tc -0.6011 Tw (ing applications.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0175 Tc -0.5514 Tw (Both batch plants and higher capacity continuous) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0863 Tc -0.6426 Tw (flow plants are available.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.0126 Tc -0.0214 Tw (Water is added to rock salt in the batch plants to) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.018 Tc -0.6809 Tw (produce a saturated brine solution.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0161 Tc 1.1044 Tw (In the continuous flow plants, normally water is) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.2883 Tc 1.3588 Tw (forced through salt under pressure. Solution) Tj T* -0.0103 Tc -0.6986 Tw (strength can be metered and controlled automati-) Tj T* 0.165 Tc 0 Tw (call) Tj -0.7544 Tc (y.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0101 Tc -0.6788 Tw (Overhead drop-hoppers can slowly meter the salt) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0033 Tc -0.7256 Tw (into the water for quicker dissolving.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.0011 Tc -0.6614 Tw (In all cases, the concentration should be checked) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0031 Tc -0.4344 Tw (with a hygrometer to measure the specific gravity) Tj T* -0.0079 Tc -0.7077 Tw (of the solution. The percent of saturation is deter-) Tj T* -0.0043 Tc 0.6297 Tw (mined by reference to specific gravity charts for) Tj T* -0.0025 Tc -0.6864 Tw (the specific solution temperature.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0016 Tc 0.1984 Tw (Water supply flow rates are a critical facto) Tj -0.11 Tc 0.3411 Tw (r. Pro-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0034 Tc 0.543 Tw (duction sites may require cisterns to ensure ad-) Tj T* -0.0251 Tc 0.1563 Tw (equate water supply where well production rates) Tj T* -0.1276 Tc -0.7213 Tw (are poo) Tj -0.7028 Tc 0 Tw (r.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0062 Tc 0.5802 Tw (Most salt supply specs allow for some insoluble) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.0051 Tc -0.2406 Tw (contaminants in the salt. This can amount to ap-) Tj T* -0.068 Tc -0.6459 Tw (proximately 100kg of waste grit when using a 96%) Tj T* 0.0115 Tc -0.1747 Tw (pure salt source per one-bucket \(2m3\) or 10,000) Tj T* -0.003 Tc 1.1791 Tw (litre brine batch. Clean-out time should be ac-) Tj T* 0 Tc -0.7295 Tw (counted for in production rates.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0 Tc 0.571 Tw (Manufactured salt brine can be pumped directly) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.1281 Tc -0.7037 Tw (into tanks mounted on the spreaders or transferred) Tj T* -0.0032 Tc -0.2657 Tw (to holding tanks at the maintenance yards.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0255 Tc -0.0584 Tw (Stored brine will normally stay in solution as long) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0044 Tc -0.0045 Tw (as there is not evaporation or a drop in tempera-) Tj T* -0.006 Tc -0.4229 Tw (ture below eutectic.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.0027 Tc -0.6116 Tw (Corrosion inhibition requirements can complicate) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0349 Tc -0.694 Tw (the brine manufacturing process.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0016 Tc 0.2727 Tw (Additives such as rust inhibitors may complicate) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.2094 Tc 1.3817 Tw (long-term storage, in which case agitation or) Tj T* -0.0235 Tc -0.6654 Tw (recirculation could be considered.) 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EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -1.2 494.4 46.44 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 10 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ?`p EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -2.88 494.4 45.36 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID >???<?<???? ? ???? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -2.88 494.4 42.6 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ???????? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -1.56 494.4 39.84 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 13 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ?? EI Q BT 301.92 46.08 TD -0.0178 Tc 0 Tw (17) Tj -241.92 654 TD 0 0 0 rg 0 Tc 0.1709 Tw (Brine Delivery Equipment) Tj 0 -12 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0049 Tc 0.2761 Tw (Unlike brine production, no special equipment is) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0676 Tc -0.6853 Tw (required for liquids that are delivered.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.2702 Tc -0.7187 Tw (Sampling containers and a refractometer or hygrom-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0064 Tc -0.0539 Tw (eter should be available for sampling and testing) Tj T* -0.0261 Tc -0.7028 Tw (the concentration.) Tj -21 -19.56 TD 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.006 Tc 0 Tw (SA) Tj -0.06 Tc -0.576 Tw (LT VULNERABLE AREAS) Tj 0 -19.8 TD 0 0 0 rg /F3 9.96 Tf -0.2624 Tc -0.7065 Tw (Having proper equipment and effectively using this equip-) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.0022 Tc 0.0289 Tw (ment are the most effective ways of ensuring that the) Tj T* -0.0492 Tc -0.6497 Tw (right amount of salt is placed at the right time and in the) Tj T* -0.0623 Tc -0.7009 Tw (right location. Road authorities should strive to improve) Tj T* -0.0094 Tc -0.5195 Tw (their fleet as quickly as possible given their fiscal reali-) Tj T* 0.1387 Tc 0 Tw (ties.) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.1059 Tc -0.6763 Tw (As new equipment is phased in, priority should be given) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0161 Tc -0.3013 Tw (to allocating the new equipment to roadways adjacent) Tj T* -0.0058 Tc -0.466 Tw (to salt vulnerable areas, and reallocating less salt-effi-) Tj T* 0.0029 Tc -0.4198 Tw (cient equipment to less sensitive areas.) Tj 0 -22.56 TD 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg /F1 12 Tf -0.083 Tc -0.693 Tw (MONITORING & RECORD KEEPING) Tj 0 -19.92 TD 0 0 0 rg /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0117 Tc 0.7571 Tw (The data logging and reporting capabilities of loader) Tj 0 -12 TD -0 Tc 1.1313 Tw (scales, electronic controllers and GPS/) Tj -0.0628 Tc 1.1339 Tw (AVL systems) Tj T* 0.0016 Tc -0.5076 Tw (can assist road authorities in more accurately tracking) Tj T* 0.0049 Tc 0.0162 Tw (their salt use. Progress in implementation of best salt) Tj T* 0.0145 Tc 0.1167 Tw (management practices can be measured in improve-) Tj T* -0.1646 Tc -0.6843 Tw (ments to the fleet. Monitoring and record keeping should) Tj T* -0.0903 Tc 0 Tw (include:) Tj 0 -21 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0427 Tc -0.669 Tw (type and amount of winter materials being placed;) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.3269 Tc -0.7219 Tw (percentage of fleet equipped with electronic spreader) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0587 Tc 0 Tw (controllers;) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0643 Tc -0.7126 Tw (percentage of fleet equipped with pre-wetting;) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0136 Tc -0.4925 Tw (percentage of fleet equipped with direct liquid ap-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0302 Tc 0 Tw (plication;) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0392 Tc -0.6896 Tw (percentage of fleet calibrated annually; and) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0186 Tc -0.7103 Tw (percentage of staff trained in equipment use.) Tj -21 -33.96 TD 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg /F1 12 Tf -0.3645 Tc 0 Tw (TRAINING) Tj 0 -19.8 TD 0 0 0 rg /F3 9.96 Tf 0.0313 Tc (Traditionall) Tj -0.9 Tc (y) Tj 0.0717 Tc 1.3594 Tw (, equipment-related training focused on) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.0027 Tc -0.2859 Tw (equipment maintenance and the safe operation of the) Tj T* -0.014 Tc 0.1918 Tw (vehicle. This was followed by specific training on the) Tj T* -0.3188 Tc -0.7301 Tw (differences between vehicles, which covered the spreader) Tj T* -0 Tc -0.4541 Tw (controller features and how to change settings, etc.) Tj 0 -21 TD 0.0053 Tc -0.3609 Tw (These aspects of staff training are still essential to the) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.1567 Tc -0.7093 Tw (safe and effective use of equipment. Further equipment-) Tj T* -0.0217 Tc 0.4928 Tw (related training, howeve) Tj -0.0306 Tc 0.4718 Tw (r, should also emphasize the) Tj 258 618.6 TD -0.1555 Tc -0.6784 Tw (impact of the operator\222s decisions made along the route,) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0074 Tc 0.5814 Tw (the range of settings and methodologies available to) Tj T* -0.0099 Tc 0.001 Tw (the operato) Tj -0.0176 Tc -0.0312 Tw (r, and tie these to her/his roles as a \223snow) Tj T* 0.0086 Tc 0.4625 Tw (and ice controller\224 and \223decision-make) Tj -0.0409 Tc 0.512 Tw (r.\224 Equipment) Tj T* -0.0535 Tc -0.6925 Tw (training is integral with other winter maintenance topics) Tj T* 0.0078 Tc -0.3017 Tw (such as the science of salt and record keeping.) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0091 Tc 0 Tw (In the past, a plow operator could be forgiven for only) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.051 Tc -0.7079 Tw (plowing, just as a spreader operator might only spread.) Tj T* 0 Tc -0.3351 Tw (That was the job after all. ) Tj 0.5578 Tc 0 Tw (W) Tj -0.0238 Tc -0.2851 Tw (ith today\222s understanding) Tj T* -0.002 Tc -0.2829 Tw (of best practices for snow and ice control and with the) Tj T* -0.0121 Tc -0.6768 Tw (more sophisticated equipment that is available, opera-) Tj T* -0.0074 Tc -0.7215 Tw (tors need to understand that \223decision-making\224 means) Tj T* -0.0137 Tc 0.8963 Tw (choosing to spread when appropriate, and \226 equally) Tj T* -0.0061 Tc 0.5012 Tw (important \226 choosing not to spread when it is not re-) Tj T* -0.0051 Tc -0.6038 Tw (quired. It is also important to choose to plow the accu-) Tj T* -0.0024 Tc -0.6332 Tw (mulated snow and slush, but also important to not pre-) Tj T* -0.0628 Tc -0.6961 Tw (maturely plow salt-laden slush before the salt has done) Tj T* 0.0035 Tc 0.4676 Tw (its job.) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0342 Tc -0.668 Tw (To ensure operators are confident in their duties and in) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0154 Tc -0.5592 Tw (using the assigned equipment, they should have train-) Tj T* 0.0034 Tc -0.4443 Tw (ing in such equipment-related topics as:) Tj 0 -21 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0702 Tc -0.6887 Tw (route familiarization \(preferably during daylight\);) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.1291 Tc -0.6598 Tw (pre-season driver training;) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0949 Tc -0.6339 Tw (spreader calibration;) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.046 Tc -0.8028 Tw (\223circle-check\224 procedures;) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0939 Tc -0.695 Tw (spreader controller operation;) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0957 Tc -0.6932 Tw (brine equipment operation;) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0854 Tc -0.7035 Tw (equipment washing procedures;) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0871 Tc -0.6417 Tw (minor equipment repair;) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0439 Tc -0.625 Tw (good housekeeping practices;) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0854 Tc -0.7635 Tw (record keeping;) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.2047 Tc -0.7299 Tw (use and interpretation of pavement sensor data and) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0457 Tc 0 Tw (forecasts;) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0791 Tc -0.6898 Tw (infrared thermometer use; and) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0191 Tc 0.1302 Tw (agency policies.) Tj -21 -18 TD -0.0222 Tc -0.6826 Tw (The following equipment-related learning goals should) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.0027 Tc -0.7316 Tw (be included in a training program:) Tj 0 -21 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.1243 Tc -0.7095 Tw (Understand the concept of putting out the right ma-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0044 Tc 0.8088 Tw (terial, in the right amount, at the right time, and) Tj T* -0.0173 Tc -0.5316 Tw (leaving it there long enough to do the job.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0531 Tc -0.6958 Tw (Understand how the electronic controller and gate) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.0033 Tc -0.5222 Tw (settings on each spreader must be set to achieve) Tj T* -0.0073 Tc -0.6815 Tw (the specified application rate.) 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Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0194 Tc -0.6855 Tw (Understand the importance of timely plowing.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.1755 Tc -0.6733 Tw (Understand how to efficiently plow each beat/route.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.354 Tc -0.7006 Tw (Understand the role and effective placement of snow-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0448 Tc -0.7241 Tw (drift control devices \(structural snow fences, snow) Tj T* -0.0306 Tc -0.7223 Tw (ridging, agricultural stubble, living snow fences\).) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.2156 Tc -0.6504 Tw (Understand how to fill spreaders and anti-icing units) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0018 Tc -0.187 Tw (with liquid chemicals.) 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Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.026 Tc -0.6428 Tw (Understand that IR) Tj -0.0218 Tc -0.7071 Tw (Ts are for measuring tempera-) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.0138 Tc -0.5927 Tw (ture trends not exact temperatures.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0694 Tc -0.7315 Tw (Understand precautions about handling and using) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.2343 Tc 0 Tw (IRT\222s.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F4 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0937 Tc -0.6951 Tw (Understand the importance of proper record keep-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0312 Tc -0.6977 Tw (ing and how to complete the required documenta-) Tj T* -0.0008 Tc -0.528 Tw (tion on equipment maintenance and salt use.) Tj -21 -33.96 TD 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg /F1 12 Tf -0.2664 Tc 0 Tw (CONCLUSION) Tj 0 -19.8 TD 0 0 0 rg /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0064 Tc -0.6882 Tw (Modern snowfighting equipment used to clear roads in) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0413 Tc 0 Tw (winte) Tj -0.0112 Tc 1.2423 Tw (r, including snowplows and spreaders, has im-) Tj T* -0.0203 Tc 0.3115 Tw (proved significantly in recent years. Using new tech-) Tj T* -0.0858 Tc -0.7231 Tw (nologies, together with implementation of anti-icing and) Tj 258 473.76 TD -0.0416 Tc -0.7172 Tw (the expanded use of liquid materials, winter road main-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0816 Tc -0.674 Tw (tenance can be completed to the same or higher stand-) Tj T* -0.0112 Tc -0.2227 Tw (ard and with a substantial reduction in salt use.) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0077 Tc 0.5989 Tw (Equipment is available to facilitate precise controlled) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0252 Tc -0.6736 Tw (applications of material, at the newly reduced rates es-) Tj T* -0.014 Tc -0.6848 Tw (tablished as a result of extensive research and testing.) Tj T* 0.0118 Tc 0.0594 Tw (This equipment is much more sophisticated, durable,) Tj T* -0.0587 Tc -0.6821 Tw (and easier to use, but the potential benefits can only be) Tj T* -0.0778 Tc -0.6854 Tw (realized if maintenance staff are thoroughly trained and) Tj T* -0.0024 Tc -0.2164 Tw (material use is closely monitored.) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.01 Tc -0.2789 Tw (In the future, application rates may be tied into sensor) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.1965 Tc -0.6867 Tw (based information systems including real time data, fore-) Tj T* 0.03 Tc -0.0589 Tw (casts, road friction measurements, road surface tem-) Tj T* -0.0136 Tc -0.6913 Tw (perature measurements, and global positioning equip-) Tj T* -0.0081 Tc -0.7074 Tw (ment. As the use of this technology evolves, consider-) Tj T* -0.0904 Tc -0.6985 Tw (able planning, organization and evaluation are required) Tj T* -0.0048 Tc 0.2719 Tw (to ensure the best use of the equipment that is avail-) Tj T* -0.0833 Tc -0.7656 Tw (able no) Tj -0.72 Tc 0 Tw (w.) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0079 Tc 0.5857 Tw (A transition strategy will be required to shift from the) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0106 Tc -0.2233 Tw (existing fleet to a new fleet that incorporates available) Tj T* -0.1185 Tc 0 Tw (technolog) Tj -1.14 Tc (y) Tj -0.1169 Tc -0.692 Tw (. This changeover cannot happen overnight,) Tj T* 0.0025 Tc -0.0354 Tw (but the shift can occur strategicall) Tj -1.02 Tc 0 Tw (y) Tj -0.0008 Tc -0.0381 Tw (. For instance, the) Tj T* -0.0043 Tc 0.0088 Tw (spreaders on the highest salt routes or in proximity to) Tj T* -0.1367 Tc -0.7464 Tw (vulnerable areas could be targeted first for replacement,) Tj T* 0.0051 Tc -0.714 Tw (and the most versatile mechanical removal equipment) Tj T* -0.1494 Tc -0.6995 Tw (could be stationed where it will help lessen salt loadings.) Tj T* -0.1941 Tc -0.6787 Tw (To gain experience in new methodolog) Tj -1.14 Tc 0 Tw (y) Tj -0.1553 Tc -0.6936 Tw (, new equipment) Tj T* 0.006 Tc -0.0599 Tw (could be assigned to preferred \223champions\224 in the or-) Tj T* 0.0418 Tc 1.3693 Tw (ganization for demonstrated use on less significant) Tj T* -0.0729 Tc -0.6859 Tw (roadways until there is confidence in the new practices.) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0221 Tc -0.6668 Tw (Review your organization\222s equipment needs and fleet) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0016 Tc 0.1127 Tw (management strategy regularl) Tj -1.02 Tc 0 Tw (y) Tj -0.0228 Tc 0.1639 Tw (, and stay current with) Tj T* 0.0041 Tc -0.293 Tw (changes in the business.) 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